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10X 

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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


ata 


ilure. 


: 


IX 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 

CLEVELAND,  0.,  APRIL,  1876. 


NVHBBB  TWKNTT-FITK. 


EARLY  MAPS  OF  OHIO  AND  THE  WEST. 


Bt  CyCt^ALDWm,  Skoketaet. 

'.j^ 


It  seems  ..traotre  that  America  was  not 
sooner  known.  The  world  is  lately  convin- 
ced that  U  has  been  discovered  time  and 
again.  There  were  navigators  who  took 
journeys  much  longer  than  to  America;  they 
circumnavigated  Africa,  and  there  was  a 
large  trade  with  the  East,  including  India, 
China,  and  Japan. 

In  the  voyages  of  Columbus  sjd  many 
after,  that  route  to  China  and  Japan  was 
sought  which  is  only  just  completea  by  the 
Pacific  Railroad. 

The  course  of  nearly  all  settlement  and 
discovery  has  been  by  sea,  lake  or  river;  and 
the  first  investigation  of  the  West,  was 
made  by  following  up  the  St.  Lawrence.  It 
took  long  to  do  this. 

The  early  history  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is 
handsomely  illustrated  by  numerous  maps 
in  the  new  volume  published  by  the  Maine 
Historical  Society,  assisted  \t^  the  State  of 
Mtdne.  No  more  interesting  publication 
could  be  made  than  a  coUecBon  of  later 
maps  showing  to  the  eye  at  a  glance;  the 
progress  of  discovery,  until  the  colonies 
came  under  the  complete  domination  of  the 
English. 

The  first  consciousness  that  there  was  a 
vast  iaterior,  appears  in  a  map  by 

JUAN  DB  LA  COJA,  DATED  1500. 

He  was  a  companion  of  Columbus,  and  cele- 
brated for  bis  after  voyages.  The  lower 
part  of  the  United  States  seems  pretty  cor- 
rect. Newfoundland  appears  as  part  of  the 
nain  land;  there  is  nothing  that  appears 
like  a  trace  of  the  St.  Lawrence;  there  ap- 
pear small  lakes  in  the  interior,  which  from 
their  situation  would  seem  to  show    that 


some  Indian  bad  told  Cosa  or  his  informant 
that  there  were  lakes  in  a  vast  background. 
The  following  maps  however,  show   no 
consciousness  of  any  such  bodies  of  water. 

PEDRO  BBINEL  IN  160S, 

a  Portugese  pilot  of  great  fame,  made  a  map 
wherein  Greenland,  Hudson's  Strait,  and 
for  the  first  time,  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
St  Lawrence,  are  laid  down  with  some  ap- 
proach to  nccuracVj  and  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  mistake  his  chart  for  the  western 
coast  of  Asia. 

The  learned  Geographers  however,  repre 
sented  the  matter  quite  differently. 

PTOLBMT'S  QEOaRAFHT  OF  1608, 

represents  an  open  sea  between  South  Amer- 
ica and  the  Cuban  Islands  extending  clear  to 
Asia.  Above  the  Cuban  Islands,  we  again 
find  a  clear  passage  by  water  to  that  conti- 
nent, and  the  navigator  sailing  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Lake  Erie  would  first  reach  Ben^, 
with  Thibet  behind  it ;  while  from  the  latitude 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  extending  northward, 
he  /ould  find  Gog  and  Magog. 
The  learned 

JOHANN  BCHONBR,  IN  1520 

lays  down  Newfoundland  with  a  broad  sea 
between  that  and  "Terra  de  Cuba,"  which 
Mr.  Eohl  supposes  to  be  an  exaggeration  of 
tbe  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  West  of  Canada, 
is  a  great  open  sea,  through  which  is  easv  ac- 
cess to  the  fabled  "deserts"  of  Asia  and  the 
Island  of  Zipangi,  (Japan)  close  behind  the 
"Terra  de  Cuba.*'  The  "Terra  de  Cuba," 
ends  at  latitude  50  vrith  the  words  "ulterius 
incognita,"  which  adjective  might  extend  on 


H  I 


H|-rHltWiii»!|i 


—i*' 


CARTIER,  1684. 


this  map  in  any  direction  from  ' '  ulterius " 
and  certainly  include  all  the  great  lakes. 

Other  nations  prosecuted  discoveries  on 
the  northern  coast  of  America,  and  followed 
the  fisheries  with  zeal,  but  the  French  were 
destined  to  follow  up  the  river  whose  source 
waa  long  to  remain  in  obscurity. 

Yet  Cartier,  who  entered  the  northern 
mouth  of  the  Qulf  in  1584,  after  cruises  in 
the  Gulf  alone,  did  not  know  that  the  St. 
Lawrence  was  on  w  a  river,  but  returned  to 
France  to  get  a  new  outfit  to  pursue  ibe 
sea  channel,  a  passage  to  the  west.  The 
prospect  of  the  western  passage  was  alluring, 
and  the  next  season  on  the  10th  of  August, 
the  day  of  St.  Lawrence,  he  entered  a  little 
bay  named  by  him  from  the  day. 

The  Indians  told  hint  that  it  wan  a  river 
called  "Hochelaga,"  and  at  "Canada,"  very 
narrow,  and  that  further  on  (probably  rapids) 
only  small  boats  could  pass.  He  still  look- 
ed for  a  psissage  to  Asia,  and  finding  the 
beautiful  Saguenay,  to  be  very  deep,  thought 
it  a  passage  to  a  northern  sea. 

He  turned  however,  and  ascending  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  "Hochelaga"  made  the  first 
tour  around  the  mountain  and  saw  the 
Lachine  rapids  near  by,  impeding  further 
navigation,  and  called  the  mountain  Mount 
Royal. 

The  Indians  reported  to  Cartier  that  there 
were  three  large  lakes,  and  a  sea  of  fresh 
water  without  end.  The  great  Francis  of 
France,  and  Cartier  supposed  this  discovery 
one  of  the  northwestern  part  of  Asia,  and 
for  60  years  discovery  was  not  carried  sub- 
stantially, beyond  the  limit  of  Cart  er  in 
1585,  thoueh  the  whole  region  was  from 
that  time  called 

"  NOtrVELLE  FBANCB,  " 

for  60  years  a  name,  then  for  160  a  reality. 
The  name  however,  appears  on  the  coast  on 
some  maps  before  Cartier's  discovery;  aa  on 
that  in 

PTOLEMT  OP  1530 

"Francesca,"and  in  1560  m  the  Italian  map 
of  Gastaldi  with  a  river  running  clear  around 
it  and  with  the  St.  Lawrence  running  fiom 
the  northwest. 

Many  Geographers  seem,  dunng  the  earlier 
part  of  the  16th  century,  to  have  considered 
the  country  as  not  Asia,  though  they  gener- 
ally made  North  America  quite  narrow,  often 
with  a  great  bay  covering  alt  Canada. 
Witness  the  Ptolemy  of  1530;  other  maps  of 
about  that  period  of  which  tnat  of  Ruscelli 
in  1544  is  most  specific;  that  of  Agnere  In 
1536  most  accurate  in  the  real  distance  from 
Asia. 

MICHAEL  LOK,  '^      ;\ 

bom  in  Leyden  represents  in  1683  a  broad 
river,  or  great  bay,  on  wliich  were  Saguenay 


and  Hochelaga,  with  the  "Mare  de  Verrs 
Zana"  dividing  the  continent  of  North 
America  almost  in  two,  and  coming  to  the 
Mountains  in  New  England. 

The  French  maps  from  the  time  of  Car- 
tier,  until  the  conquest  of  Canada  by  the 
English  in  1760,  continued  generally  to  be 
far  superior  to  those  of  any  other  nation. 

One  in  1648  is  quite  accurate,  and  repre- 
sents the  Ottawa  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
f>roper,  and  excels  in  accuracy,  a  fine  Eng- 
ish  one  of  1644. 

A  map  of 

DIEOC  HOMBN,  A  POBTnaEBB, 

in  1558,  is  remarkable  for  laying  down  what 
In  shape  resembles  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake 
Erie,  but  only  accidentally  so,  the  upper  of 
them  is  Lake  St.  Peter  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
below  Hochelaca. 

The  broad  sea  is  just  beyond  and  parallel 
to  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  broad  river  flows  tc 
the  southwest,  in  position  someth  ng  like 
som''  of  the  affluents  of  the  Mississippi;  bul 
no  doubt  a  mistaken  representation  of  the 
Hudson,  as  described  to  Cartier  by  the  In- 
dians. 

In  the  Library  of  the  Historical  Society, 
is  an  early  atlas,  published  in  Venice  in  1672, 
of  the  Islands  of  the  world,  entitled  "L'Isole 
Piu  Famose  del  Mondo  descritte  da  Thorn' 
aso  Porcaechi  da  Castiglione,"  engraved  by 
Girolamo  Porra,  a  Paduan.  , 

On  page  157,  appears  a  plan  of  the  city  o 
Mexico, 

Page  161  contains  a  map  of  the  Islandi 
and  lands  of  the  "Holy  Cross"  or  "  Nev 
World,"  followed  by  a  description. 

The  sea  to  the  north  is  all  open.  Th 
straits  of  Vnian,  much  better  represent  Bel 
rings,  than  the  after  maps  for  very  •  man 
years. 

A  large  lake  appears,  with  a  river  flowin 
south.  It  lies  with  "Ochelaga."  site  ( 
Montreal,  on  the  north  and  between  Labr 
dor  on  the  northeast,  Canada  west,  and  "~ 
Nova  Franza"  south  of  wast.  "Larcadial 
lies  to  the  southwest  of  the  lake  and  rivel 
What  was  the  lake  and  ri  ver  y  Hudson's  Rivf 
with  Lake  Champlain,  or  more  likely  tlf 
St.  Lawrence  with  some  faint  idea  of 
waters  beyond. 

Japan  lies  in  mid-ocean. 

There  follow  maps  of  the  West  Ind 
Islands. 

The  map  of 

1569  BT  G.  HEBCATOB, 

drawn  upon  the  projection  named  from  tj 
author,  represents  the  St.  Lawrence  slb 
long,  narrow  river,  draining  all  the  Upij 
Mississippi  Valley.  It  is  remarkable  for  fi 
laying  down  with  some  accuracy,  the  Al 
ghanies.  connecting  however  in  a  chain  w| 
the  mountains  of  New  England. 


m-'^MlitJ^Vtuatu. 


ith 
ibe 


the  "Mare  de  Verra 
._-  continent  of  North 
n  two,  and  coming  to  the 
'  England. 

ips  from  the  time  of  Car- 
iquest  of  Canada  by  the 
continued  generally  to  be 
ose  of  any  other  nation, 
quite  accurate,  and  repre- 
and  the  8t.  Lawrence 
in  accuracy,  a  fine  Eng- 


ra 


MEN.  A  PORTUaEBB, 

sable  for  laying  down  what 
IcB  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake 
cidentally  so,  the  upper  of 
Pettr  in  the  St.  Lawrence 

is  just  beyond  and  parallel 
ace.  A  broad  river  flows  to 
in  position  someth  ng  like 
lents  of  the  Mississippi;  but 
aken  representation  of  the 
ribed  to  Cartier  by  the  In- 

y  of  the  Historical  Society, 

published  in  Venice  in  1572, 
the  worid,  entitled  "L'Isole 
Mondo  descritte  da  Thom- 

a  Castiglione,"  engraved  by 

,  a  Paduan. 

appears  a  plan  of  the  city  of 

itains  a  map  of  the  Islands 
he  "Holy  C'ross"  or  "  New 
ed  by  a  description. 
;he  north  is  all  open.  The 
I,  much  bfctter  represent  Beh- 
atter  maps  for  very  •  many 

appears,  with  a.  river  flowing 
IS  with  "Ochelaga."  site  of 
le  north  and  between  Labra- 
beast,  Canada  west,  and  "La 
south  of  wost.  "Larcadia" 
;hwc8t  of  the  lake  and  river, 
ike  and  river  y  Hudson's  River 
amplain,  or  more  likely  the 
vith  some  faint  idea  of  great 

mid-ocean. 
N  maps  of  the  West  India 


I BT  O.  HEBCATOB, 

tie  projection  named  from  the 
ents  the  St.  Lawrence  as  a 
river,  draining  all  the  Upper 
lley.  It  is  remarkable  for  first 
rith  some  accuracy,  the  Alle- 
cting  however  in  a  chain  with 
of  New  England. 


I 


'I- 


CHAMPLAIN,  1608. 


The  name  Appalachian,  afterwards  ap- 
plied to  the  whole  Alleghanies,  appears  on 
what  would  be  the  west  of  South  Carolina, 
as  "Apalachen." 

Nearly  600  miles  above  the  St,  Lawrence, 
and  nearly  as  wide,  is  the  eastern  end  of  a 
sea  of  fresh  water  "dulcium  aquarum,"  of 
the  extent  of  which  the  inhabitants  of  Can- 
ada, drawing  their  information  from  the  In- 
dians of  Saguenuy.  are  ignorant. 

In  subsequent  Mercator  maps,  this  lake 
nras  omitted,  probably  because  careful  Geog- 
raphers did  not  like  to  take  it  upon  Indian 
report. 

On  the  atlas  of  Hondius,  based  on  Mer- 
cator edition  16i}3,  (American  Geographical 
Society)  all  the  lakes  aie  omitted. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century, 
lived  a  celebrated  Gteographur  named  Ortei- 
ius,  of  whose  atlases  there  were  several 
editions,  all  now  scarce.  The  edition  of  1578 
is  in  the  Librarv  of  the  Am.  Geog.  Soc. 

North  America,  curiously  appears  more 
accurate  in  detail,  than  as  a  whole;  looking 
as  if  parts  of  it  were  drawn  on  different 
scales  and  then  placed  together. 

The  continent  is  much  too  wide. 

There  are  several  rivers  flowing  into  the 
Quif  of  Mexico,  difficult  to  identin'. 

As  in  Mercator,  a  range  of  mountains  runs 

Saralel  with  the  Gulf,  making  the  rivers 
owing  south  short,  and  throwing  the  vast 
interior  of  North  America  drained  by  the 
Adssissippi,  into  the  valley  of  the  St,  Law- 
rence, which  is  separated  by  a  range  of 
mountains  from  the  stream  "TiguasRio" 
flowing  into  the  "Mar  Vermeio"  or  Red  sea, 
being  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Hudson's  Bay  is  a  strait  running  from 
Ocean  to  Ocean. 

The  name  Nova  Francia — New  France — 
appears  to  be  the  name  given  to  the  country 
drained  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  until  it  came 
under  the  dominion  of  the  English, 
although  Charlevoix  in  his  history,  says 
it  was  first  bestowed  by  Samuel  de  Cham- 
plain  inl609. 

Mr.  Shea  in  his  valuable  edition  and  tran- 
lation  of  Charlevoix  says,  the  name  is  first 
known  upon  the  Copper  Giobe  of  Ulphius 
in  1543;  and  appears  next  in  Cartier  1645 
who  speaks  ofHochelaga  and  Canada,  other- 
wise dialled  byus  New  France,  showing  the 
name    to   have    been    somewhat  common. 

Mr.  Parkman  says  the  name  was  first  used, 
after  the  return  In  1524  of  Yerrezano  to 
France. 

Ortellius  in  the  map  described,  omits  Lake 
Huron,  though  in  the  much  less  accurate 
map  from  Uakluyt.  (ed.  158?)  it  reappears. 

In  the  last  map  tne  country  lying  north  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  is  called  "Bacalaos,"  a  word 
meaning  codfish,  intending  Newfoundland. 


For  many  years  however,  after  the  discov- 
eries of  Cartier  little  or  no  progress  was 
made  in  the  interior  geography  of  the  parts 
of  America  drained  by  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  Mississippi. 

France  was  too  much  absorbed  in  wars, 
religious  and  other,  to  prosecute  discovery. 
First  came  the  war  with  Charles  V.  in  1563. 
In  1562  the  first  Huguenot  war,  in  1673^ 
the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  a 
constant  state  of  tumult  until  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  in  1598,  when  France  began  to  rest. 

In  1608  two  tiny  vessels,  one  of  13  and 
one  of  15  tons,  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  expedition  was  commanded  by  De 
Chastes,  but  his  companion  was  Champlain; 
a  man  whose  energy  and  achevements  in 
the  dis  jovery  and  settlement  of  the  great  un- 
known wilderness,  entitled  him  to  the 
appellation  of 

"TUK  father  op   new  FRANCE." 

The  expedition  sailed  up  as  far  as  Mon- 
treal. Champlain  tried  to  pass  the  rapids 
above  but  failed,  and  the  Indians  made  rude 
plans  of  the  river  above,  which  wre  so 
indefinite  that  Niagara  was  understood  to  bs 
R  rapid  only. 

Tte  French,  like  all  nations  making  early 
dicoveries,  had  keen  eyes  for  commercial 

growth.  Champlain  had,  before  the  expe- 
ition  of  1608,  urged  the  plan  for  a  canal 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, — renewed 
in  our  own  day.  In  1608,  he  again 
sailed  up  the  St.  Lawreice,  himself  in  com- 
mand of  a  vessel,  to  mtke  a  settlement  upon 
the  Saint  Lawrence  and  a  scarcu  for  the 
inland  passage  to  the  East  Indies. 

They  commenced  the  city  of  Quebec  in 
ICOS.  In  160U,  Champlain  in  behalf  of  an 
Indian  party  from  the  Ottawa  River,  met  in 
battle  the  Iroquois  upon  the  western  border 
0^  tbe  lake  that  has  ever  since  borne  his 
name. 

He  published  a  wood-cut  of  the  battle, — 
found  in  his  works, — where  it  looks  easier 
for  him  to  knock  over  the  Iriquois  with  the 
butend  of  his  gun  than  to  shoot  them,  such 
is  the  defiance  of  perspective.  He  also 
published  a  map  in  which  this  lake  appenrs. 
The  eastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario  is  seen  f  .<r 
the  first  time  as  Lac  St.  Louis.  The  map  is 
generally  in  the  French  language  but  is 
somewhat  amusing  in  using  names  and  re- 
marks in  other  languages  m  a  manner  ihat 
shows  the  author  was  not  as  good  a  linguist 
as  traveller.  It  is  common  in  the  old  maps 
to  find  on  the  same  sheet,  names  in  French, 
Dutch,  English,  Latin  aad  other  tongues. 
In  this  map  Hudson's  Bay  reaches  far  down, 
near  the  St.  Lawrence,  with  a  note  at  the 
bottom,  "The  bay  wher  hudson  did  wente." 
It's  position  with  the  fta^uenay  would 
make  us  think  that  the    "Mer  Douce"  of 


I.  »i»»Wri»'W' 


CHAMPLAIN'8  MAP,  1682. 


Mercator  was  here  merged  witk  Hudson's 
Bav. 

In  1600,  after  his  flght  with  the  Iroqi  ois 
Nicholas  de  Vignan,  offered  to  return  with 
the  Indian  allies  and  winter  with  ihum. 
He  was  not  seen  again  for  some  months,  and 
in  1612  appeared  in  Paris,  telling  large 
stories  about  his  passing  up  the  Ottawa, 
crossing;  a  great  lalcp,  finding  a  great  river 
flowing  nortli,  descending  it  and  finding  a 
shipwrecked  English  vessel. 

In  1618.  Champlain  retraced  the  route 
with  him,  but  up  the  Ottawa  Vienan 
became  a  convicted  liar.  He  had  remiuned 
on  the  river  with  the  Indians,  and  his  travels 
were  ima^narv.  Champlain  returned  dis- 
couraged; out  fn  1616,  made  a  second  excur- 
sion up  the  Ottawa  reacliing  Lalie  Huron, 
that  immense  body  of  water  from  the  bord- 
ers of  which  had  come  his  guides  and  liosts. 

Ghampain  on  his  return,  crossed  the 
lower  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  advanced  to  the 
westward,  and  near  one  of  the  lakes  of 
middle  New  York  again  met  the  Iroquois. 

He  was  not  as  successful  as  before,  owing 
to  the  want  of  steady  courage  in  his  allies, 
the  Hurons,  who  wished  to  wait  for  a  war 
party  of  600  men  from  the  tribe  from  which 
Lake  Erie  took  its  name. 

His  intrepid  interpreter 

KTIEimE  BBUL&, 

visited  this  tribe  to  hasten  the  reinforce- 
ments. He  descended  a  river,  evidently  the 
Susquehanna  to  the  salt  water,  returned,  was 
captured  by  the  Iroquois,  and  returned  to 
the  French  in  1618.  The  Eries  inhabited  a 
country  reaching  suuth  of  the  lake  of  that 
name. 

His  story  appears  in  Champlain's  narrative 
of  his  voyage  in  1618;  but  is  omitted  in  the 
condensed  edition  of  1682,  which  is  the  one 
a  reprint  of  which  is  in  the  library  of  the 
Historical  Society,  with  copies  of  the  origi- 
nal maps. 

It  is  said,  that  in  1621  Champlain  had  an 
interview  with  the  Iroquois  and  drew  topo- 
graphical maps  of  their  country  and  the 
circumjacent  places,  "  so  that  since  that  time 
the  territory  of  these  Indians,  is  seen  in  the 
maps  to  be  comprehended  within  that  of  New 
Fnmce,"*  thus  be^nning  that  geographical 
aggression  which  after  led  to  the  use  of 
much  ink,  and  shedding  oi  much  blood. 

ra  1682,   CBAMPLAIK 

made  the  first  attempt  to  map  out  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  map  and  a  description  of  it  in 
French,  appear  in  his  works.  A  copy  of 
it  with  a  description  if  it  in  Euglish,  togeth- 
er with  a  portion  of  his  description  of  his 
expeditions  of  1600  and  1615  is  in  the  Srd 

*  Memoir  of  1699  on  the  Bnoroachmenta  of  the 
Bngllsh,  !•'.  T.  Col.  Documents. 


volume  of  the  "Documentary  History  o 
New  York"— by  Dr.  O  Callaghan. 

The  map  is  indeed  interesting.:  Lak 
Ontario  runs  northpast,  and  Niagara  Is  i 
"very  high  waterfall"  descending  which 
various   irts  of  fish  become  dizzy. 

Lake  Erie,  unnamed,  is  little  but  a  ver 
wide  irregular  nver  ieading  from  Mer  Douc 
(Lake  Huron)  to  Lac  St.  Louis,  (Ontario] 
One  would  infer  that  it  was  doubtful  1 
Bruit?  really  stood  on  its  banks,  though  h 
visited  tho  people  living  there.  The  alre< 
tion  of  Lake  Erie  is  a  little  south  of  east 
The  Peninsula  between  Lake  Ontario,  Eric 
and  Huron,  is  a  mere  tongue  of  land,  th 
outlet  of  Lake  Huron  beng  near  its  wester 
end  and  the  lake  being  \uTf,e,  and  st^etcbln 
from  east  to  west  some  660  miles. 

The  effect  of  the  whole  lb  to  leave  it  ver 
doubtful  what  knowledge,  if  any  Champlal' 
had  of  Lake  Erie. 

There  empties  into  Lake  Huron  from  th 
west,  "Giand  Lac,"  supposed  to  be  Lak 
Supf  rior,  by  a  sault  ■  f  which  he  gives  sue 
a  description  as  to  well  identi%'  Sault  Si 
Mary.  From  the  north  there  empties  b 
the  river  "des  Puans"  another  smaller  Iak( 
where,  says  our  author,  "there  is  a  mine  o 
red  copper,"  and  in  the  Lake  is  placed  an  ii 
land  where  there  had  been  seen  a  mine  o 
copper. 

This  description  makes  one  think  of  Laki 
Superiorand  Isle  Royale,  yet  the  directioj 
and  shape  of  the  larger,  represents  Superic 
best. 

He  kuew  thcbe  lakes,  as  appears  by  _ 
explanation,  from  the  reports  of  the  Indioii 
and  rightly  making  two  lakes  has  divide 
the  characteristics  of  the  one,  between 
two. 

Champlain  places  t^e  "Puants"  amoi 
the  upper  lakes,  who  belonged  after, 
apparently  at  that  time,  around  Lake  Micl 
gan,  and  Green  Bay  which  was  long  caUi 
'^Bay  des  Puans."  " 

dhamplain  died  in  1085,  and  wati  bun 
in  Quebec;  and  with  him  died  the  energy 
discovery  that  seemed  to  have  been  bom 
his  coming. 

After  his  death,  New  France  suffer 
much  from  Indian  wars,  in  great  degree 
legacv  of  Champlain,  and  resulting  nx>m  . 
interference  between  the  Iroquois  and  th 
enemies.  The  Jesuits  and  the  traders  Uv 
among  the  Indians. 

In  after  years  they  labored  upon  La 
Huron  and  Michigan,  and  explored  La 
Superior  until  ihey  prefixed  to  their  relati 
of  1071  (Jefauit  Relations'  reprint.  Quel 
1&66  Hist.  Sue.)  a  map  of  Lake  Super 
excelling  in  accuracy  that  of  any  of 
lakes  then  published. 

This  mwa  has  also  been  reprinted  in  I; 
ter  and  Whitney's  Geological   Report 


tl 


i.^i*«ji»'iii*iX«i^?4*yj^>^>'i>y**B**t'j**^ 


'Documentary  Hlitonr  of 
Dr.  O  Callaarban. 

indeed  interesting:  Lake 
rtlieaat,  and  Niagara  if  In 
lerfall"  deucending  wlucli, 
lab  become  dizzy, 
named,  is  little  but  a  very 
rer  leading  from  Mer  Douce 
Lac  St.    Louis,  (Ontario). 

tbat  it  was  doubtful  if 
lod  on  its  banlcs,  thourb  he 
e  living  there.  The  direc- 
■ie  is  a  little  south  of  east, 
tetween  Lalce  Ontario,  Erie, 

mere  tongue  of  land,  the 
luron  be>ng  near  its  western 
!  t)eing  I&rf;e,  and  at.  etching 
St  some  6S0  miles, 
the  whole  lb  to  leave  it  very 
mowledge,  if  any  Cliamplain 
ie. 

>  into  Lake  Huron  from  the 
;jac,"  supposed  to  be  Lake 
ault  >  t  which  he  gives  such 
JB  to  well  ideniilSr  Sault  St. 
the  north  there  empties  by 
*uan8"  another  smaller  lake, 
r  author,  "there  is  a  mine  of 
id  in  the  Lake  is  placed  an  is- 
ire  had  l)een  seen  a  mine  of 

ion  makes  one  think  of  Lake 
lie  Royale,  yet  the  direction 
le  larger,  represents  Buperiof 

Bite  lakes,  as  appears  by  hit 
om  the  reports  of  the  Indians 
iking  two  lakes  has  divided 
itics  of  the  one,  between  the 

)laces  t^e  "Puants"  amone 
8,  who  belonged  after,  and 
bat  time,  around  Lake  Michi- 
I  Bay  which  was  long  called 

18." 

died  in  1085,  and  wati  buned 
1  with  him  died  the  energy  of 
seemed  to  have  been  bom  in 

leath,  New  France  suffered 
lian  wars,  in  great  degree  the 
nplain,  and  resulting  m>m  his 
itween  the  L^quois  and  their 
Jesuits  and  the  traders  lived 
ians. 

ars  they  labored  upon  Lake 
Lichigan,  and  explored  Lake 
Lhey  prefixed  to  their  relation 
it  Relations'  reprint,  Quebec 
2.)  a  map  of  Lake  Superior 
iccuracy  that  of  any  of  the 
ilished. 

as  also  been  reprinted  in  hoa- 
tney's  Geological   Report  of 


HEYLIN  (ENGLISH),  l«8e-16«8. 


Lake  Superior,  in  Bancroft's  United 
States,  Vol.  8,  and  Monettes  Minsisslppi 
Vol  1. 

But  the  (Geographers  seemed  to  learn  very 
iloifly  of  the  Tabors  of  Champlain. 

PETER  BETLIN—  (ENaiL^ISH)  1600—1062, 

in  his  Cosmographie,  London  1620  says:  A 
chain  of  mountains  below  latitude  40,  sepa- 
rates all  the  streams  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
from  the  territory  north. 

He  separates  A  ~Jierica  into  Mezicana  and 
Perwjia;  and  Just  about  in  the  vacant  posi- 
tiuu  of  the  Lakes  appears  the  name  "  Amer- 
ica Mexiuana." 

Lower  California  long  before  Joined  to 
the  continent,  is  now,  with  the  superior 
learning  of  later  geographers  become  a  huge 
island,  with  the  '^are  Vermiglio"  (Red 
Sea)  flowing  between  it  and  the  main  land. 
The  west  coast,  which  in  former  times  had 
reached  far  to  the  west,  runs  north,  and  in 
latitude  60  is  a  dim  outline  of  Behrings 
Straits,  whi({|i  weroinafturmaps  as  "Auian" 
brought  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  immense 
island  of  California. 

Our  auJior  speaks  modestly  of  the  "Streits 
of  Anian.if  such  streits  there  be. "  He  else- 
where places  in  the  northwest  comer  of 
America  the  supposed  kingdom  of  Anian 
whence  the  name  of  the  strait  "thought  by 
some  to  part  America  from  Asia,  the  very 
being  of  such  a  kingdom  and  of  such  streits 
being  much  suspected,"  the  river  Canada 
(St.Diwrence)  "bath  its  fountain  in  the  un 
discouvered  parts  of  this  Northem  Tract 
sometimes  enlarged  into  great  lakes,  and 
presently  reduced  to  a  narrower  channel.  " 
His  map  notices  none  of  the  great  lakes  and 
leaves  it  doubtful  whether  the  author  meant 
more  than  the  occasional  widening  of  tae 
St.  Lawrence  proper.  The  English  feeling 
is  shown  in  the  statement  that  the  French 
are  "shut  up  in  a  few  weak  forts  on  the 
North  of  the  Canada." 

He  places  Canada  or  Nova  Francia  north 
of  the  river,  and  Virginia  is  liberally  bound- 
ed "on  the  North,  Canada;  on  the  South, 
Floridw;  on  the  East,  Mare  del  Noort;  the 
western  boundaries  cot  known." 

A  large  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, located  much  like  the  Mississippi. 

It  is  called  the  "Canaveral,"   a  name 

gvenin  after  maps  to  the  river  flowing  into 
obile  Bar,  (to  wit:  Senex  Atlas,  1722).  De 
Soto  had  found  the  lower  Mississippi  in  1542, 
and  its  character  no  doubt  transferred  to  the 
Mobile  river.  Tn  most  of  the  early  maps  a 
long  line  of  coast  between  Mobile  and  Juex- 
ico  was  omitted.  The  "Canaveral"  connects 
in  its  branches  with  the  San  Spirito,  as  if 
tnere  were  some  mkling  of  the  great  western 
branches  of  the  Missusippi.      The  "  San 


Spirito"  was  the  early  name  for  the  Missis- 
sippi after  De  Soto's  disc'.  very, 

HETLIN'S  HAF  AMD  BOOK  OF  1052, 

are  similar  to  the  edition  oi  1626,  this  "'oara* 
od"  man  having  learned  nothing  in  the 
meantime. 

A  Frenchman  of  1656  published  by  N. 
Sanson  d'  AbbeviMe,  an  industrious  and 
famous  Roval  Geograpaer  of  France,  gives 
parts  of  Lake  Superior  and  Michigan. 
This  map  (Harvard  College  Library)  Ih 
referred  to  by  that  too  little  known  writer 
tlie  late  Rev.  J.  H.  Perkins,  in  N.  Am 
Review  Jan) .  1889,  and  he  su^ests  the  pub- 
lication of  a  copy  ot  that  ana  several  other 
maps. 

In  a  map  of  Sanson's  dated  1669  in  his 
Atlas  (Am.  Geog.  Soc. ,)  "Lac.  Erie"  is  not 
far  out  of  shape,  and  Lakes  Huron,  Michi- 

§an  and  Superior  appear,  the  last  not  being 
efined,  towards  the  west. 

This  map  represents  California  as  an 
island. 

On  a  map  of  Gerard  Valk  and  Peter 
Schenk  of  Amsterdam,  in  the  Hist.  Soc. ,  no 
dale,  but  prior  to  1708,  it  is  also  laid  down 
as  an  island,  with  the  careful  statement  that 
by  former  Geographers  it  bos  always  been 
made  a  part  of  the  continent,  and  so  taken 
by  Dutch  from  Spanish  maps;  but  now 
known  to  be  an  island  &c  &c. 

Tbic  error  became  general,  long  before 
1700  and  as  late  as  1767  an  edition  of  Lord 
Anson's  Voyage  Round  the  World  ( in  pos- 
session of  H.  C.  Gaylord  Eaq.)  malces  the 
same  blunder,  giving  the  fancied  island  the 
same  square  end  towards  the  north  it  gener- 
ally received. 

A  UAF  OF  1658,  JOHN  JANBBON, 

of  Amsterdam,  taken  from  his  Atlas  of 
1658,  represents  the  lakes  on  a  very  small 
scale,  inaccurately;  the  Niagara  River  is 
longer  tbar.  either  of  tt'j  lakes,  and  Superi- 
or and  Huron  are  supposed  to  be  disconnect- 
from  the  others,  and  empty  separately  into 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

California  is  a  peninsula,  and  America 
stretches  to  the  west,  as  in  the  earlier  maps. 
Meanwhile  the  progress  of  discovery  was 
steady,  though  slow.  The  Jesuits  were  pu^ 
suing  their  missions.  I  have  already  re- 
ferred to  their  map  of  Lake  Superior,  with 
parts  of  Huron  and  Michigan,  in  16'70  and 
1671.  It  is  minutely  and  nicely  laid  down- 
Lake  Neepigon  is  more  accurately  laid  down 
than  it  has  been  in  the  maps  of  our  own 
time,  until  since  the  Canadian  survey  some 
40  years  ago.  Isle  Roya'e  (Minong)  is  down 
but  once,  while  after  maps  often  had  it 
down  twice,  probably  because  it  can  be  seen 
from  the  north  side  of  the  lake  and  also 


( 


MARQUETTE,  1678. 


from  the  lone  pennsula  running  from  the 
■outh  far  into  the  lake. 

The  Indians  talked  much  of  the  great 
river  to  the  weot,  and  the  reverend  fatherH 
occattionally  ■mentioned  it,  Father  Allouez 
in  1066,  conjecturing  that  it  empties  Into 
the  Sea  by  Virginia  aiid  cailng  it  the  "Mes- 
sipi." 

It  was  generally  thought,  however,  that 
it  emptied  into  the  Gulf  of  California  or  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico;  and  that  tlie  diarovery 
would  give  the  French  the  knowledge  and 
possession  of  the  Southern  or  Western  Sea. 

In  the  Relation  accompanying  the  map 
last  described,  Father  Dablon  speaks  of  the 
great  river  called  the  "Miasisipi  which  can 
have  its  mouth  only  In  the  Florida  Sea." 

He  seems  to  have  appreciated  its  size, 
saying  it  seems  to  encircle  all  our  lakes, 
and  emptving  into  the  Red  Sea  (Gulf  of 
California)  or  that  of  Florida. 

Ir.  1678,  the  good  fathers  on  Lake  Super- 
ior planned  its  discovery.  lifarquette  was 
of  tlie  party  and  the  only  one  whose  narra- 
tive ol  the  expedition  is  preserved. 

His  map  is  published  in  Shea's  "Discovery 
and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi,"  in  fac- 
simile, from  the  original  preserved  in  Mon- 
treal accompanied  with  a  translation  of  his 
Journal. 

The  map  gives  all  of  Lake  Superior  or 
"de  Tracy, "  but  the  extreme  north;  the 
west  shore  of  "Lac  des  Illinois"  (Mich'ran) 
and  the  River  "de  la  Conception"  (M  issis- 
8ippi)bythe  Wisconsin  by  which  rivarhe 
entered,  past  the  "Pekittanoui"  orMiriouri 
and  the  "Wabonkigon"  (Ohio)  to  a  village 
called  Akansea.  The  travellers  returned 
by  the  Illinois  which  is  also  laid  down  on 
the  map.  One  can  also  recognize  the  early 
forms  of  many  familiar  names. 

A  map  published  in  this  same  year,  and 
to  be  found  in  Blome's  Brittama,  London, 
seems  almost  the  complement  of  that  last 
described.  It  is  said  to  be  designed  by 
"Mousieur  Sanson,  Geographer  to  the 
French  king,  and  revised  into  EBglisli,  and 
illustrated  by  Richard  Blome,  by  his  Majes- 
ties especial  Command." 

The  relative  positions  of  Lakes  Erie  and 
Huron,  are  much  improved  from  former 
maps,  and  the  peninsula  between  them 
much  better  given.  The  direction  of  the 
shores  of  Lake  Erie  (not  named)  are  given 
more  correctly  than  in  most  after  maps  un- 
til the  present  century,  The  whole  lake 
is  sunk  too  far  to  the  south.  Only  the 
eastern  end  of  Superior  is  given,  and  quite 
incorrectly. 

Lake  Michigan  proper  is  ignored,  there 
appearing;  Green  Bay  as  "Lack  of  Puans" 
'esching  far  west  but  not  completed.  There 
are  the  usual  ranges  of  mountains  dividing 


the  rest  of  the  continent  from  the  lower 
Mississippi  Valley,  the  river  appears  without 
name,  and  emptying  into  tne  Hay  of  "Sp'r- 
ito  Santo." 

The  Glacial  Sea  a  branch  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  is  not  tar  nuthwest  of  Lake  Sup(  rior. 
The  west  coast  of  Amer  ca  is  given  only  a 
little  above  the  blunt  northern  end  of  the 
Island  of  California. 

Our  Author  thinks  that  there  is  some  likeli- 
hood it  may  be  discovered  that  Lake  Superior 
"dlsburthens  Itself  into  the  sea  by  two  or 
more  different  coursss,  one  towards  us, 
which  is  that  of  Canada,  another  towards 
west  and  above  California,  the  third  to- 
wards the  north  and  into  the  Christian  Sea; 
and  that  the  mouth  of  this  may  show  lu  the 
way  wo  have  so  Ion"  sought,  to  go  to  the 
East  Indies  by  the  West." 

Christian  Sea,  is  another  name 
for  Hudson's  Bay,  which  no  doubt  was 
supposed  to  open  freely  by  the  "Qlacicke 
Sea"  already  mentioned,  to  the  west. 

Sanson  was  no  donbt  much  indebted  to 
maps,  still  in  manu-icript,  of  which  what  is 
now  known  is  contained  in  the  appendix  to 
Mr.  Parkman's  Discovery  of  the  Great  West; 
an  appendix  very  valuaole  upon  the  snbject 
matter  we  are  now  pursuing. 

THK  HAP  OF  OALINEB  1670, 

gives  the  Upper  St.  Lawrence,  Lake  Ontario, 
River  Niagara,  North  Shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
Detroit  Rivor,  and  the  East  and  North 
Shores  of  Lake  Huron,  with  considerable 
accuracy.  He  claimed  to  have  visited  these 
shores. 

About  1672,  another  map  was  made  sup- 
posed to  be  by  La  Salle. 

All  the  great  lakes,  savs  Mr.  Parkmsa, 
arc  laid  down  with  consiaerable  accuracy 

Opposite  the  site  of  Chicago  is  the  state 
ment  in  effect  that  by  a  portage  of  a  thou- 
sand paces  one  can  go  to  the  River  Colbert 
(Mississippi),  and  thence  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. 

The  whole  length  of  the  Ohio  River  is 
laid  down,  with  the  name  it  new  bears;  so 
called  by  the  Iroquois,  on  account  of  its 
beauty,  which  the  Sieur  de  la  Salle  descend- 
ed* 

It  is  a  pitv  these  two  maps  are  yet  unpuh- 
lished.  The  Mississippi  must  have  been 
laid  down  from  a  fortunate  guess,  as  La 
Salle  himse'f  was  yet  some  years  after  to 
trace  Its  course. 

In  1669  or  1670,  he  had  entered  within  a 
few  miles  of  Lake  Erie,  a  branch  of  the 
Ohio;  and  descended  as  far  as  Louisville. 
In  1670,  he  embarked  on  Lake  Erie,  sailed 
through  Huron  passed  tbrousrh  into  Green 
Bay,  and  by  that,  into  the  main  body  ol 
Le  Michigan.  .*,*«    .,  „^„,.-, 


— j-TT  -.  i<i»"y"'iJM*J>^ 


^-^^.j<^A|]^^^jkx."J|^jj^gitf«-Wj,,  ^^ 


ntinent  from  the  lower 
the  river  appeani  without 
ig  into  the  Bay  of  "Hp<r- 

la  a  branch  of  Hudnon'i 
thwest  of  Lake  Huptrlor. 
Amur  ca  is  given  only  a 
unt  northern  end  of  the 
ja. 

1(8  that  there  is  some  likeli- 
iovored  that  Laite  Superior 
t'  into  the  sea  by  two  or 
uur838,  one  towards  us, 
Canada,  another  towards 
California,  the  third  to- 
nd  into  the  Christian  Sea; 
h  of  lliis  may  show  ua  the 
lon<r  sought,  to  go  to  the 
West." 

,,  is  another  name 
Y,  which  no  doubt  was 
freely  by  the  "QIacicke 
ioned,  to  the  west. 
I  donbt  mucli  indebted  to 
luscript,  of  which  what  is 
itiiined  in  the  appendix  to 
scovery  of  the  Oreat  West; 
valuable  upon  the  subject 
r  pursuing. 

OF  OALINEB  1670, 

t.  Lawrence,  Lake  Ontario, 
forth  Shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
nd  the  East  and  North 
Huron,  with  considerable 
timed  to  have  visited  these 

nother  map  was  made  sup- 
a  Salle. 

lakes,  says  Mr.  Parkmaa, 
ith  consiaerable  accuracy 
ite  of  Chicago  Is  the  slate 
U  by  a  portage  of  a  thou- 
an  go  to  the  Klver  Colbert 
thence  to  the  Gulf  of  Mez- 

ingth  of  the  Ohio  River  Is 
the  name  It  new  bears;  so 
oquois,  on  account  of  its 
e  Sleur  de  la  Salle  descend- 

le  two  maps  are  yet  unpub- 

ississippi  must    have  been 

a  fortunate  guess,  as  La 

as  yet  some  years  after  to 

0,  he  had  entered  within  a 
ake  Erie,  a  branch  of  the 
tnded  as  far  as  Louisville, 
larked  on  Lake  Erie,  sailed 
passed  tbroueh  into  Green 
at,  luto  the  main  body  of 


LA  8ALLB. 


...  y  3 


Did  be  sail  along  the  hitherto  unexplor- 
ed south  shore  of  Laki^  Erie,  and  was  that 
the  origin  nf  theimpro7od  map? 

But  very  little  was  known  of  these  jour- 
neys. La  Salle  was  so  eminent  an  an  ex- 
plorer that  his  is  one  of  four  portraits  of 
dlscovciers  In  the  Cnpltol  at  Washington. 
He  spent  wealth,  years,  and  wonderful 
energy  In  his  travelH.  The  Jesuit  Annual 
Relations  are  our  general  authority  for  early 
Canadian  history.  He  ha  J  ceased  to  belong 
to  their  order,  and  is  never  mentioned  in 
these  accounts. 

There  are  published  no  journals  ot  his 
earlier  trars's.  Othertt  attempted  In  the  ac- 
counts of  his  adventures,  most  widely  circu- 
lated after  his  death,  to  steal  his  glory  and 
vilify  him.  He  was  finally  muraerud  by 
his  own  men. 

There  are  however,  In  existence  'n  France 
many  documents,  papers  and  maps  of  these 
times  yet  unpub  ished.  Mr.  Pierre  Margry, 
of  Pans,  is  especially  noted  for  his  knowledge 
of  them.  No  one  can  investigate  these  early 
times  without  indebtedness  to  him.  These 
valuable  documents  arc  soon  to  be  given  to 
the  world,  by  Mr,  Margry  with  the  especial 
request  and  at  the  expense  of  the  Lnited 
States.  I  will  state  in  this  connection  that 
this  plan  of  publication  orglnated  with  the 
H'storical  Society  at  Cleveland. 

O.  H  Marshall  Esq. ,  of  our  neighboring- 
city  of  Buffalo,  has  recently  visited  Mr  Mar- 
gry, and  the  result.  Is  a  very  Interesting 
address  d(  livered  before  the  Bimalo  Histori- 
cal Society,  which  tell  us  in  substance  that: 

In  1669,  La  Salle,  with  Galllnee  and  anoth- 
er, was  among  the  Senecas  wishing  to 
explore  the  Ohio  and  MisslsBlppi,  and  after  a 
present  of  "two  coats,  four  kettles,  six  batch 
ets,  and  some  glass  beads,"  declared  they 
had  come  "to  see  the  people  called  by  therli 
'Toagenha^  living  on  the  River  Ohio, "  and 
desired  a  captive  of  that  nation  as  a  ^uide. 

They  Inquired  about  the  route,  and  were 
told  It  required  six  days  journey  by  land,  of 
twelve  leagues  each.  "This  Induced  us  to 
believe  thai  we  could  not  possibly  reach  it  In 
that  way,  as  we  would  hardly  be  able  to 
carry  for  so  long  a  journey  our  necessary 
provisions,  much  less  our  baggage.  But 
they  told  us  at  the  same  time  that  in  going 
to  find  It  by  the  way  of  Lake  Erie  in  canoes, 
we  would  h«ve  only  a  three  days  portage 
before  arriving  at  that  river,  reaching  It  at  a 
point  much  nearer  the  people  we  were 
seeking,  than  to  go  by  Sonnontononan." 

U  they  were  to  co  by  portage  from  the 
westerly  end  of  Lake  Erie,  the  "Toagenha" 
were  probably  well  down  the  Ohio,  and  were 
no  doubt  the  Shawnees. 

They  finally  got  two  guides,  one  of  whom 
—a  Shawnee—  fell  to  La  Salle.    The  party 


went  to  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  crossed  to 
the  Grand  River,  of  Lake  Erie,  and  there  L* 
Salle  left  them.  They  prosecuted  a  journey 
a'ong  the  north  shore,  nnd  by  a  roundabout 
way,  back  to  Montreal.  It  was  from  thli 
pxcursliii),  that  Gnlllnce  made  his  map. 

Wheru  was  La  Salle  during  the  next  three 
years?  Perhaps  Mr.  Margry's  papers  will 
tell  us  more  fully.  He  was  exploring,  it  la 
thought,  during  a  portion  of  the  time,  the 
Ohio,  and  some  of  Its  branches  It  l/i  even 
thought  by  some,  that  he  reached  the  Missis 
fllppi,  which  he  called  "Colbert,"  after  the 
Prime  Mlnlstoi  of  Louis  XIV. 

Mr.  Margry,  in  a  letter  addre<48ed  to  Col. 
Whittlesey,  President  of  the  Historical  So- 
ciety, after  expressing  In  the  kindest  manner 
his  thanks,  for  the  Influence  exerted  here 
In  behalf  of  his  project,  communicates  the 
following  extract  from  an  anpubllshed  letter 
of  La  Salle;  (no  date)  which  translated  reads: 

"The  river  which  you  see  marked  on  my 
map,  of  the  southern  coast  of  this  Lake 
(Erie),  and  towards  the  extrom  ty,  called  by 
the  Iroquois,  "  Tiotontaenon "  is  without 
doubt  the  passage  into  the  Ohio,  or  Oiighint 
Sipon,  as  it  is  called  in  Iroquois,  or  In  Otta- 
wa "The  Beautiful  River. '^  The  distance 
from  one  to  the  other  is  considerable,  and 
the  communication  more  difficult;  but  with- 
in a  days  journey  from  Is  mouth  at  L^e 
Erie,  (was'iiiu:  an  it  flows  -i  beautiful  coun- 
try,) and  at  a  musket  shot  from  its  banks, 
llier.'  is  a  little  lake  from  wliich  flows  a 
stream,  three  or  four  fathoms  (tolses)  wide 
at  the  outlet  from  the  lake  one  fathom  (toise) 
In  depth.  It  soon  changes  however,  into 
a  river  by  the  junction  of  a  number  of  other 
streams,  which  after  a  course  of  a  hundred 
leagues,  without  rapids,  receives  another 
small  river  that  comes  from  near  the  Mlamis. 
and  five  or  six  others  quite  aa  large,  and 
flowing  with  greater  rapidity  along  the  de- 
clivity of  a  mountain  and  discharging  Into 
the  I'linols  (Ohio?)  two  leagues  below  a  Til- 
lage and  from  thence  Into  the  River  Colbert 
It  Is  called  Onabachi  or  Aramouni." 

The  original  of  this  letter,  was  sent  to  Mr. 
Parkman.^'who  kindly  returned  it  with  the 
following  note. 

Jauaioa  Plains,  Mass.,  0  Sept.,  1872. 
"Dear  Sib:  With  regard  to  the  extract 
from  La  Salle's  letter,  one  or  two  points, 
are  worth  attention.  It  looks  like  an  account 
made  from  hearsay.  On  the  map  described 
on  pp.  406,  7  of  "Discovery  of  Great  West." 
the  Maumoe  nver  Is  clearly  laid  down,  with 
a  portage  direct  to  the  Ohio,  which  Is 
brought  close  to  Lake  Erie.  This  map  is 
clearly  anterior  to  1680.  On  the  map  of 
Franquelln,  1684,  made  after  data  furnished 
by  La  Salle,  the  Maumee  Is  also  laid  down, 
with  a  branch  of  the  Wabash,  designated  aa 


i 


■A 


LA  SALLE  IN  OHIO.    HENNEPIN. 


R  AsoDMake,  ctoae I7  approaching  It.  Now 
I  have  little  doubt  thai  "la  rivif^re  oue  voua 
avez  vue  marqin'e  dans  ma  carte,  in  the 
Maiimee,  thn  natural  route  "pour  aller  H  la 
rivl6re  Ohio  on  Ol.'ghin  (Alleghany)  Sipon." 
"The  dlHtanoH  to  the  portage  at  Port 
Wayno  Is  ccriainly  far  more  than  "une, 
journ«'*e,  "  hut  accuracv  Is  scarcely  to  be  ex- 
pected. After  cro<«8lDg  the  portage,  La 
Balle  speaks  of  a  stream  "qui  se  change 
bientot  en  r  vl^re  par  la  jonctton  do  quantit6 
de  sombiableK  (ot)  qui  aprcs  le  cours  de  plus 
de  100   licucH  Hans  rapldes  regoit  \)ne  autre 

Sptlte  rivK'-re  qui  vient  de  proche  celle  des 
llamls."     Ruch  a  "petite  riviere"  is  laid 
down  on  Franquelin's  map. 

It  flows  into  the  Wabash,  and  anwers  to 
the  Tippecanoe.  The  "riviere  dcs  Mlamis," 
on  Franquelin's  and  the  other  contemporary 
maps,  is  the  St.  Joseph  of  Lake  Michigan. 
La  Balle  goes  on  to  say  that  the  main  river 
In  question,  called  by  him  "Ouabacbe  or 
Aramoni,"  "constant  le  long  au  penchant 
d'une  montagne,  se  va  dexcharger  dans  celle 
des  Illmois  deux  Iteues  an  dessous  du  village, 
et  de  111  dans  'e  fleuve  Colbert"  (Mississippi.) 
"Ho  begins  with  professing  to  indicate  the 
way  to  the  Ohio,  but  ends  with  bringing  the 
traveller  not  to  the  Ohio,  but  to  tlie  Illinois. 
I  can  see  no  other  explanation  of  the  poHsago, 
than  that  of  a  slip  of  the  pen  on  La  Salle's 
part,  (or  that  of  some  copyist,)  writlug  Illi- 
nois for  Ohio.  I  can  think  of  no  other  way 
of  making  the  passage  inteliltrable.  This 
solution  derives  some  support,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance that  on  Franquelin's  map  an  In- 
dian vi  lage  Tnarsila,  is  laid  down  a  little 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  (Ouabache.) 
La  Salle,  vou  remember,  says,  that  the 
mouth  of  his  river  is  "two  leagues  below 
the  Tillage." 

"The  river  is  called  by  him  "Aramoni  ou 
Ouabache.  "  He  speaks  a  few  years  later,  of 
another  Aramoni,  identical  with  the  Big 
Vermilliun,  a  branch  of  the  Illinois.  One  of 
the  brandies  of  the  Wabash,  is  also  now 
called  "Big  Vermillion,"  and  the  name  Ver- 
million is  given  to  the  county  of  Indiana, 
where  th'S  branch  joins  the  main  stream. 
The  coincidence  is  worth  remarking.  Ver- 
million is  mentiond  in  La  Salle's  time,  as 
among  the  chief  articles  of  Indian  trade,  and 
possibly  Aramoni  may  be  the  Illinois  or 
Miami  name  for  it. 

Yours  very  truly 

P.  Pabkman. 
It  is,  as  is  seen,  very  dlfHcult  from  the 
brief  description,  to  trace  La  Salle's  route. 
A  common  passage,  in  after  years,  was 
by  the  Maumee  into  the  Wabash,  by  a  port- 
age at  Fort  Wayue.  In  fact  the  Ohio  and 
Wabash  were  frequeutly  confounded.  This 
portage  was  much  easier  than  those  farther 
east. 


La  Salle's  portage  may  have  bften  hj  some 
branch  of  the  Maumeo  Into  some  small  lake, 
not  easily  found  at  this  day. 

No  doubt,  M.  Margry's  maps  and  books 
will  help  us  to  locate  mo^e  .tccurately  this 
dcBcriptlon  of  a  Journey  through  a  portion 
of  Ohio  Into  the  river  that  Is  Its  southern 
boundary. 

La  Salle  In  August  1679,  launched  Into  the 
Niagara  river,  above  the  falls,  the  flrst  sail 
vessel  navigating  the  lakes,  called  the  Grlflln. 
HIh  plan  was  to  sail  through  Lake  Michigan, 
build  another  vessel  on  the  Illin:>i8,  and  fol- 
low down  the  Mississippi.  Shea  has  sug- 
gested, that  he  had  better  have  built  a  vessel 
on  the  Alleghany,  and  sailed  down  the  Ohio; 
but  he  mov  have  anticipated  Interruption  In 
building  bis  vessel  and  the  portage  was 
too  long.  He  wished  to  build  at  Nlaeara  a 
fort,  but  the  Senecas  would  not  allow  it  He 
sailed  to  Oreen  Bay.  His  vessel  was  wreck- 
on  her  return,  his  men  deserted.  He  began 
on  the  Kankakee  a  branch  of  the  Illinois,  the 
erection  of  Fort  Broken  Heart,  "Creve- 
coflur  " 

He  sent  Father  Henuepin  to  explore  the 
Illinois  to  the  Mississippi,  who  in  1680,  ex- 
plored the  Mississippi  north,  as  far  as  the 
falls  named  by  him  In  honor  of  St.  Anthony 
of  Padua.  Ilennepin  returned  to  France, 
and  in  1683  published  "Description  de  la 
Loulsiane,"  with  a  map,  of  which  more  pres- 
ently. 

La  8.>»lle  entered  the  Mississippi,  February 
6th,  1682,  with  three  canoes.  He  followeii 
its  course  and  on  the  0th  of  April  1682  en- 
tered the  Sea.     He  returned  up  the  stream. 

The  next  year  he  sailed  from  France,  to 
reach  the  mouth  of  the  river  by  sea,  having 
3ont  Tonty  down  the  stream  to  meet  him. 
They  were  never  to  meet  again.  T^a  Salle 
passed  the  mouth,  and  after  great  dlsheart- 
enings  was  killed  by  his  own  n\en,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Trinity  River,  In  Texas. 

Tonty  returned  disappointed,  and  bis  letter 
left  with  an  Indian  chief  for  La  Salle,  was 
delivered,  fourteen  years  after  to  Iberville. 

Joutel,  a  fellow-townaman  of  La  Salle,  was 
his  companion  in  his  last  unfortunate  expe- 
dition, and  its  historian.  His  journal,  with 
a  map,  was  published  in  Paris  In  1718,  and 
an  English  edition  of  1714,  Is  in  the  Histor- 
ical Room. 

An  account,  however,  by  Father  Douay, 
was  also  published  In  1697,  by  Le  Clercq, 
which  was  suppressed.  Hennepin  learned 
something  of  the  narrative,  and  In  1607,  pub- 
lished "Nouvelle  Decouverte  d'un  tres 
grand  Pays  sltui'-  dans  I'Amerique,"  contain- 
ing his  former  work  and  other  matter.  He 
has  stamped  himself  as  a  wonderful  liar, 
claiming  to  have  himself,  descended  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  in  1680,  with  such 
circumstance  as  woiUa  of  themselves  show 


«,—»-  .u^ — rVi^ '-"  — *'-*»*f"*»>?^'«'ii'; 


■  jjftjijtf  J^^i,y  !}>i^ii:\i  J:' 


e  may  have  bflen  bT  aome 
meo  into  some  smaJl  lake, 

this  day. 

irKry's  mapi  and  hooka 
I'lUe  mo'e  accurately  tbU 
Durney  through  a  portion 
river  that  ia  ItH  aouthem 

Mt  1679,  launched  into  the 
ve  the  falls,  the  flnt  sail 
le  lakes,  called  the  Griffln. 
I  through  Laku  Michlf^n, 
I  on  I  he  Illin:>lB,  and  fol- 
H.slHsippi.     Shea  has  huk- 

l)ettcr  have  built  a  vosnel 
ind  sailed  down  the  Ohio; 
iticipated  interruption  in 
il  and  the  portage  was 
he<l  to  build  at  NiaKara  a 
18  would  not  allow  it  He 
y.  Flis  vessel  was  wreck- 
men  deserted.  He  bep^n 
hrnnch  of  the  Illinois,  the 

Broken   Heart,    "Creve- 

Hennepin  to  explore  the 
lissippi.  who  in  1H80,  ex- 
ippi  north,  as  far  as  the 
1  in  honor  of  St.  Anthony 
epin  returned  to  France, 
ished   "Description  de  la 

map,  of  which  more  prea- 

the- Mississippi,  February 
rec  canoes.  He  followed 
the  0th  of  April  1682  en- 
3  returned  up  the  stream, 
le  sailed  from  France,  to 
)f  the  river  by  sea,  having 

the  stream  to  meet  him. 

to  meet  again.     T^a  Salle 

and  after  great  dlsheart- 
I  by  his  own  n\en,  on  a 
•ify  River,  in  Texas, 
lisappoinled,  and  his  letter 
m  chief  for  La  Salle,  was 
n  years  after  to  Iberville, 
townsman  of  La  Salle,  was 

his  last  unfortunate  expe- 
torian.  His  journal,  with 
shed  in  Paris  in  171d,  and 
1  of  1714,  is  in  the  Hlstor- 

iwever,  by  Father  Douay, 
1  in  1697,  by  Le  Clercq, 
essed.  Hennepin  learned 
larrative,  and  in  1607,  pub- 
e  Decouverte  d'un  tres 
lans  I'Amerique,"  contain- 
irk  and  other  matter.  He 
self  as  a  wonderful  liar, 
bimself,  descended  to  the 
Issippi  in  1680,  with  such 
voi^d  of  themselves  show 


>*M«>>i««*ai*Na 


JOUTEL,  1714-LA  HONTAN,  1708. 


his  tale  impossible:  and  habitually,  making 
inrgpr  the  stories  of  his  flrttt  book.  This  was 
published  In  Utrecht,  with  a  now  map 
Heunopiu  having  retired  from  Franco,  and 
In  1708,  an  edition  still  enlarged,  wau  pub- 
lished in  Lo  ndoH,  with  the  same  map;  both 
uedlcated  to  William,  king  of  England.  It 
KO  happened  that  HenFcpin's  books  receiv- 
ed a  wide  circulation,  and  for  a  long 
time  the  expeditinns  ot  La  Salle  were  known 
mostly  through  them.  Hennepin  did  a  good 
deal  to  debase  the  geograpliictl  accuracy  of 
the  maps  of  North  America. 

His  two  maps  correspond  with  his  change 
of  claims  His  flrst  shows  the  upper  part  of 
the  MiHsissippi,  having  in  the  lower  bart  a 
dotted  line  as  a  guess  Into  ibo  Qulf  of  Mex- 
ico. The  other  is  carried  to  the  Gulf,  much 
abridged  in  length,  but  with  the  character- 
iKtlc  curves,  inlands,  and  cut  olTs.  The  up- 
per MissiFS'ppi  in  much  alike  In  the  two 
maps,  though  In  the  last  liake  Superior  is 
more  correctly  shaped,  and  Lake  Michigan 
less  spruwiinz. 

The  river  Seignalav  becomes  the  Illinois, 
and  Fort  des  Miamis  and  the  river  it  was 
on,  now  St.  Josepii,  is  moved  from  the 
east  and  correct  side  of  Lake  Michigan  to 
the  west,  The  portage  Is  marked  alike  in 
both. 

Lake  Erie  reaches  down  in  the  flrst,  to 
latitude  84,  like  a  well  filled  round  sack  with 
Its  bottom  to  the  south,  and  its  south  shore 
is  wonderfully  inaccurate  to  follow  so  close- 
ly otiier  maps  based  upon  La  Salle's.  In  the 
second  Lake  Erie  is  hardly  mended, 
reaching  like  a  narrow  bag  to  latitude  87. 
X  range  of  hills  is  below  It,  and  from  its 
source  nearly  tu  Its  mouth  the  "Hohio"  flows 
west.  The  Missouri  appears  ae  the  "Otenta," 
reaching  far  from  the  west,  and  as  in  Mar- 
quette's map  the  name  the  rivtr  now  bears 
ajppears  among  the  people  upon  its  banks. 
The  Ohio  is  in  another  place  called  the 
"Ouye,"  and  below  it  are  the  mountains 
"Apalache." 

The  Fails  of  Niagara,  called  in  the  first 
map  the  Grand  Fall— and  sai  in  bis  first 
book  to  be  600  feet  high — have  n^rown  In  the 
second  map  to  be  more  than  600. 

Lake  de  Conty,  or  Erie,  of  the  first  map, 
is  in  the  second  Lake  Eale,  or  "du  Chat," 
the  ancient  Eries  having  been  otherwise 
called  Nation  of  the  Cat. 

The  tribe  themselves  Erieckronois  (Erie 
Nation)  are  well  along  the  lake' 

Several  rivers  appear;  but  the  whole  lake 
and  country  included  in  Ohio  are  so  'ncor- 
rectly  given  that  there  is  no  place  for  a  nver 
to  flow  correctly  or  be  identified. 

The  Sioux  appear  where  they  were  first 
heard  of.  They  were  feared  in  the  West 
much  as  the  Iroquois  in  the  East;  and  con- 
tinued to  inhabit  much  the  same  place  where 


they  made  war  as  late  as  186A,  two  hundred 
years  after  they  arc  flntt  beard  of. 

The  map  In  Joutel's  "Journal  of  LaSalie'i 
Last  Vovage,"  London,  1714,  is  little  mor« 
than  a  sketch.  The  lower  part  liears  marks 
of  actual  observntion,  though  the  the  Missis- 
sipni  is  not  as  correct! v  given  'n  its  course  aa 
in  Hennepin's  even.  It  is  called  Mississippi, 
or  Colbert,  with  a  note  that  in  the  year  iTllI 
"itchanged  itsnamoand  iHcsllod  Ht.  Louis." 

The  Missouri  appears  by  that  name.  The 
river  "Uiiinols  or  tjeignely"  is  too  far  east. 
A  branch,  the  "llamany,  reaches  below  the 
west  end  of  Lake  "Eria,"  tlie  direction  and 
position  of  which  is  more  correct  than  ir,  Hen- 
nepin's, but  it  has  sciuaro  ends.  The  river 
"Douo  or  Abacha'"  (Oiilo  or  Wabash),  is  far 
too  small  and  too  far  south. 

M.  Joutel  returned  along  the  Illinois,  On 
the  loth  of  August,  1687,  he  passed  the 
"River  called  Houabache"  (Ohio),  "said  to 
come  from  the  country  of  the  Iroquois 
towards  New  England.''^  He  thought  it  a 
very  fine  river,  extraordinarily  clear,  and 
its  current  gentle. 

His  Iiidians  "offered  up  to  it  by  way  of 
sacrifice  some  tobacco  and  beef  steaks,  which 
they  fixed  on  forks,  and  left  them  on  the 
bank  to  be  disposed  of  as  the  river  thought 
fit." 

If  Hennepin  had  a  rival  in  literary 
fame,  it  was  the 

BABON  I.A  nONTAN, 

whose  maps  were  as  mendacious  as  the  other's 
books,  ills  travels,  published  at  The  Hague 
In  1705,  have  only  a  small  map  of  the  lake 
region,  where  Lake  Ontario  Is  not  far  from 
round,  and  Lake  Erie  has  a  very  square, 
broad  end  towards  the  east. 

He  reports  to  have  traveled  up  a  large 
river,  emptying  Into  the  Mississippi  about 
where  St.  Paul  now  stands.  After  travelling 
up  this  river  for  eighty  days,  he  K'H'med, 
having  found  many  and  civilized  tribes  of 
Indians,  and  being  informed  that  the  river 
continued  its  course  from  the  west  until  with 
a  short  portage  connection  was  made  with 
anotlicr  large  river,  flowing  westward  and 
emptying  Into  the  salt  sea. 

His  river  was  called  according  to  some 
people  the  "Dead  River,"  because  of  its 
slow  current,  while  others  called  it  the 
"Long  River." 

He  has  a  large  map  on  a  smaller  and 
wider  scale  in  the  edition  published  at 
the  Hague   in  1715. 

Lake  Superior  is  not  badly-shaped  though 
It  turns  too  much  to  the  northwest. 

Lake  Illinois  has  more  nearly  its  proper 
shape  than  on  most  contemporary  maps, 
though  its  south  part  is  carried  too  far  west. 

The  passages  to  the  Mississippi  by  the 
head  of  Lake  Superior   by   the  Wisconsin 


I 


f'i 


10 


ENGLISH  GEOGRAPHER8-1700-ai. 


river,  and  by  the  Saint  Joseph  and  Illinois, 
are  ail  well  marked. 

The  "Ouabach"  does  not  show  its  origin. 

This  literary  imposture  seems  more  re- 
markable than  Hennepin's.  The  latter  seems 
to  have  been  moved  by  maUce  toward  La 
Salle,  and  vanity  for  himself  to  claim  dis- 
coveries of  real  objects  though  with  a  strong 
exa';geration  in  describing  them.  He 
doubtless  expected  his  claims  to  be  success- 
ful. 

La  Hontan  apparently  drew  purely  upon 
his  ima^nation  iu  falsehoods  which  must 
necessarily  be  detected.  The  account  of 
Lone  riyer  is  contained  in  a  letter  pur- 
portmiBf  to  have  been  written  in  1(38!)  in 
Michilimacinac. 

As  the  Indians  told  Nicholas  de  Yignan  tales 
of  western  waters,  and  the  missionaries  of 
the  Mississippi,  the  "Great  Water,"  so  they 
may  have  told  La  Hontan  stories  either  not 
well  understood  or  perhaps  purpose!}  mis- 
leading, as  Indians  have  always  been  wont 
to  do.  The  Baron  was  in  his  day  consid- 
ered a  man  of  respectability  abroad,  and 
was  afterwards  Governor  of  New  Found- 
land.  His  Look  ends  with  a  coniu- 
gat  on  of  the  verb  to  love,  in  the  Indian 
tongue.  The  upper  end  of  his  riv- 
er was  singularly  enough  a  salt  lake,  in 
latitude  46,  and  supposed  to  be  far  over  to- 
wards the  west  coast,  and  the  furthest  Indi- 
ans he  saw,  knew  the  Spaniards.  One  might 
think  he  had  n-soended  the  Missouri  and  the 
Platte,  and  ber  '  told  of  the  Salt  Lake  and 
the  Spaniards  beyond,  except  that  he  care- 
fully tells  that  after  returning  from  the  Long 
River  he  descended  the  Mississippi  and  ihen 
ascended  the  Missouri.  The  Baron's  Dead 
River  and  Salt  Lake  had  life  enough  to  creep 
into  the  maps  of  many  highly  respectable 
geographers.    One 

UNOLISH  OEOaRAPUER,  HERMAN  MOLL, 

several  of  whose  maps  are  in  the  .His- 
torical Room,  evidently  believed  m  him 
fully.  The  lakes  appear  much  larger  than 
in  La  Hontan's  maps,  but  all  '.n  the  same 
peculiar  forms  as  in  La  Honta;v  while  the 
"Long  River"  and  the  Salt  Lake  are  all  laid 
down  with  express  reference  to  our  imagina- 
tive traveler 

Moll's  dated  maps  range  from  1711  to  1720. 
The  Ohio  is  called  the  Sault  River;  the  Wa- 
bash the  Oubach  or  St.  Jerome;  the  name 
Oubach  in  one  instance  covering  the  lower 
Ohio. 

In  the  map  of  1711,  the  Upper  Ohio  is 
called  Ochio,  and  takes  its  origin  in  Oniasont 
Lake  (Chautauqua). 

The  map  of  1720  makes  the  Wabash  rise 
in  this  lake.  It  flows  along  parallel  with 
Lake  "Irrie  or  Chat,"  and  not  fifty  miles 
south  of  it. 


In  fact,  a  correct  knowedge  of  the  Ohio 
was  yet  far  oti,  and  tor  many  years  it  was 
yet  to  be  represented  nearly  "parallel  tj  the 
lake,  and  too  near  it.  Where  white  men 
travelled  through  the  present  State  of  Ohio 
at  all,  they  took  portage  on  the  rivers  at  the 
west  part  of  the  State,  the  portages  being 
much  easier,  and  the  travel  safer  for  the 
French. 

A  map  of  Peter  Schenck,  .\msterdam, 
1708,  makes  the  river  Auabach,  otherwise 
called  Ohio  or  Belle  River,  with  a  portage  from 
the  Maumee.  This  map  is  evidently  taken 
from  the  French,  and  Ie  superior  in  general 
knowledge  to  others  of  the  same  map  maker 
of  date  apparently  not  long  previous. 

JOHN  HOMAWS 

was  3  celebrated  geographer  of  about  this 
date,  of  Nuremberg,  and  it  seems  singular 
thpt  a  town  so  inland  should  have  been  so 
famous  in  geogrnphy  as  Homans  and  his 
heirs,  and  others  made  it.  His  large  atlas, 
in  four  thick  folio  voluiies,  is  in  the  library 
of  the  American  Gf  ogtaphical  Society.  A 
general  map  of  North  America  is  in  the 
room  of  our  own  Historical  Society.  It  is  a 
photograph  taken  by  Mr.  E.  Decker,  of  our 
city,  from  tue  origina'  owned  by  him.  La 
Hontan's  itiver  and  Lake  arc  down, but  Lake 
Erie  is  more  like  Hennepin's.reaching  far  to 
the  South.  Lake  Superior  has  a  long  arm 
to  the  West.  Maps  on  a  larger  scale  in  the 
grand  atlas  represent  the  lakes  better. 
The  rivers  Wabash  and  Ohio  are  one.  John 
Senex,  F.  R.  S.,  (English),  in  1710,  gives  a 
better  representation  of  the  lakes.  He  makes 
the  Wabash,  Oho  or  Belle  River,  all  the 
same.  He  has  the  Long  River  down,  and 
the  lake  beyond  it.  He  gives  a  brief  ac- 
count of  its  discovery,  but  with  a  suspicion 
of  the  truth,  says:  "Un'ess  the  Baron  La 
Hontan  has  invented  these  things,  which  is 
hard  to  resolve,  he  beinj,  the  only  person 
that  has  traveled  into  those  vast  countries." 
Iu  the  room  of  the  Historical  Society  is 
the  General  Atlas  of  the  World  of 

JOHN  BENKX,  LONDON,  1721, 

a  huge  folio  volume. 

A  map  of  1710  is  quite  inaccurate.  Lak^ 
'•Eriub,  ir  Felis  als  Cadaraqua,"  looks  like  i 
flight  of  steps,  such  are  its  sinuosities.  Thd 
west  end  lias  so  narrow  a  strait  into  thJ 
rest  of  the  lake  that  it  seems  a  most  a  sepa| 
rate  lake. 

The  Felians  (Cats,  or  Eries,)  appear  it 
large  letters,  while  the  tribe  then  really  hole 
ing  the  country  modestly  appears  in  smalj 
pica  as  the  "Sinneks,"  on  a  small  strean 
Oneida  Lake  empties  into  Lake  Erie  by  | 
river  named  "Onydas." 

The  Ohio  is  lud  down  very  Imperfectlji 
with  only  the  name — Sabsqungs— to  tha 
branch,  the  Ohio  above  the  Wabash.  Neithq 


;t  knowedgeof  the  Ohio 
d  tor  many  years  It  was 

ted  nearly  parallel  i3  the 

&r  it.  Where  white  men 
the  present  State  of  Ohio 

ortage  on  the  rivers  at  t^.e 
State,  tlie  portages  being 
the  travel  safer  for  the 

Schenck,  Amsterdam, 
river  Auabach,   otherwise 

River,  with  a  portage  from 
is  map  is  evidently  taken 
and  ie  superior  in  general 
ers  Gf  the  same  map  maker 

not  long  previous. 

HN  HOMAWS 

geographer  of  about  this 
srg,  and  it  seems  singular 
land  should  have  been  so 
phy  as  Homans  and  his 
made  it.    His  large  atlas, 

0  voluiies,  is  in  the  library 
Gtographical  Society.  A 
North  America  is  in  the 

Historical  Society.    It  is  a 

1  by  Mr.  E.  Decker,  of  our 
igma'  owned  by  him.  La 
nd  Lake  arc  down, bat  Lake 
Hennepin's,reaching  far  to 
a  Superior  has  a  long  arm 
ftps  on  a  larger  scale  in  the 
present  the  lakes  better, 
sh  and  Ohio  are  one.  John 
(English),  in   1710,  gives  a 

htion  of  the  lakes.  He  makes 

0  or  Belle  River,  all  the 
lie  Long  River  down,   and 

it.  He  gives  a  brief  ac- 
)very,  but  with  a  suspicion 
'8:  "Un'ess  the  Baron  La 
nted  these  things,  which  is 
he  beinj,  the  only  person 
J  into  those  vast  countries." 
f  the  Historical  Society  is 
s  of  the  World  of 

NKX,  LONDON,  1721, 

ime. 

1  IS  quite  inaccurate.  Lake 
als  Cadaraqua,"  looks  like  a 
Itch  are  its  sinuosities.  The 
o  narrow  a  strait  into  the 
,\mt  it  seems  a  most  a  sepa- 

[Cats,  or  Eries,)  appear  in 
ile  the  tr.be  then  really  hold- 
modesily  appears  in  small 
neks,"  on  a  small  stream, 
npties  into  Lake  Erie  by  a 
lyoas." 

lid  down  very  Imperfectly, 
name — Sabsqungs—  to  that 
>  above  the  Wabaah.  Neither 


COXE,  1727— Dk  D'LISLE. 


11 


I 


Ohio  or  the  Wabash  rise  as  far  east  as  the 
west  of  Lake  Erie. 

A  map  of  Louisiana  anc'  the  Mississippi, 
inscribed  to  William  Law,  however,  is  quite 
full  and  satisfactorv,  and  up  to  the  learn- 
ing of  the  times,  it  is  plainly  based  upon 
the  maps  of  the  French  geoitrapher  De 
L'Isle. 

The  Ohio,  or  Belle,  rises  well  up  as  it 
should.  Alter  the  mion  with  the  Walw.'^li. 
It  is  called  tbe  "Ouabache,  or  St.  Jerome.  ' 
Lake  Sandouske  appears  by  that  name  with 
the  islands. 

"Chicagou"  appears  with  houses  meant 
for  Indian  huts,  but  looking  as  if  our  neigh- 
bor, settled  so  late  and  ^own  so  fast,  was 
then  something  of  a  town. 

La  Hontan's  river  does  not  appear,  though 
he  is  not  unfrequentiy  quoted  in  the  text. 

"Louisiana,"  or  what  the  French  call 
"West  Canada,"  and  the  Spaniards  "Flori- 
da," includes  all  the  vVest. 

The  Missisaippi  scheme  was  then  in  full 
favor. 

Our  author  says  the  French  King  gave  a 
grant  of  this  country  to  M.  Crozat,  14th 
September,  1713,  N.  8.;  the  River  Missis- 
sippi being  then  called  St.  Louis,  and  the 
country,  Louisiana,  and  the  country  ,iow 
given  to  the  "United  French  East  and  West 
India  Companiev."  "the  shares  of  whose 
stock  by  the  management  of  Mr.  Law,  a 
Scotch  gentleman,  rose  m  1719  to  1200  per 
cent. ,  by  which  many  people  ia  France  and 
elsewhere  got  vast  estates." 

He  describes  ail  the  lakes  except  Erie,  and 
not  badly. 

He  places  south  of  the  Ohio  River  by  his 
map,  "a  desert  160  leagues  in  compass, 
where  the  Illinois  hunt  'cows,' "  meanins 
buffaloes. 

The  time  was  now  approachinir  when 
the  geography  of  our  interior  was  to  be 
more  thcouehly  studied.  The  French  had 
long  completed  their  chain  of  occupation 
through  the  lakes  and  the  Mississippi,  and 
were  gradually  establishing  other  posts 
further  to  the  east. 

The  Enprlish  had  taken  the  Iroquois  unr^.er 
their  nominal  protection. 
The  next   map  I  shall    mention  is  in  a 

"DE8CBIPTI0N  OF  CAROLANA,"  l,ONtON,1727, 

by  Daniel  Coxe.  Our  author  is  careful  to 
state  in  the  flr.<t  line  of  his  book  that 
"Carolana  and  Carolina  are  two  distinct 
thouutt  bordering  provinces,  the  east  of 
Curolana  joining  to  the  west  ot  Carolina," 
and  the  title  of  tbe  book  indicates  that 
Carolana  is  but  anotber  name  for  the  Spanish 
Florida  and  Frencii  Louisana,  claimed  to  be 
English  property  and  granted  by  Charles 
1st  to  Sir  Robert  Heath  and  then" belonging 
to  persoiiis  holding  under  his  title. 


The  Ohio  in  this  map  makes  from  its 
source  "back  of  New  York,"  a  much  more 
proper  curve  in  its  course  than  any  of  the 
maps  we  have  menticmed,  instead 
of  the  general  direction  near  Lake 
Erie.  The  "Ouabachee"  has  its 
source  about  the  middle  of  Lake  Erie 
and  close  to  it,  and  loins  with  the  Ohio  in  a 
lake  twenty  miles  lo  g  and  ten  miles  above 
the  Mississippi. 

Mr.  Coxe  was  a  believer  in  what  he  cal's 
the  "faithful  and  judicious  history  of  the 
Baron  La  Hontan."  The  t  '^ig  River  and  tbe 
great  interior  lake,  appear  on  his  map,  and 
the  long  journey,  tbe  civilized  nations,  the 
great  ships  and  well  built  houses  in  his  book. 

The  Long  River  he  calls  otherwise  the 
Mitchagona,  and  the  Moingana  (Des  Moines), 
(a  river  suggested  by  other  early  geographers 
as  being  the  "Long  River"  itself,)  takes  a 
diagonal  from  it  to  the  Mississippi. 

He  tliinks  that  if  ever  it  comes  to  be  settled, 
there  will  be  easy  communication  with  the 
Pacific  by  a  branch  of  the  Great  Ye  i  low 
River  across  a  ran^e  of  hilla  little  north  of 
New  Mexico  to  a  river  flowing  into  a  great 
lake. 

The  Yellowstone  really  has  its  source  very 
near  the  Lewis;  but  it  is  doubtful  if  this 
fact  was  then  known.  Coxe  suggests  that 
the  lake  is  the  same  as  the  Barou's. 

A  geographer  very  celebrated  in  his  time, 
was 

WILLIAM   DE  L'iSLE,   BOTAL  GEOOBAPHEB 

to  the  French  Kinir.  He  was  bora  in 
in  1(V(5  died  in  Paris  in  1726;  and  is  consid- 
ered the  most  learned  geographer  of  France. 
He  produced  a  large  number  of  excellent 
maps,  having  wonderful  industry,  and  was 
the  authority  tor  map  makers  of  all  other 
countries. 

He  seems  to  have  worked  modestly,  and 
at  his  death  was  p;eparing  a  new  map  of 
America  which  he  hoped  to  be  much  better 
than  those  he  had  made  already. 

Governor  Burnett  of  New  York,  in  his 
memoir  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  governing  the 
English  colonies,  Nov,  26  1720,  (V.  N.  Y.  . 
Col.  Doc.  577)  complains  that  De  L'Isle  in 
his  map  of  1718,  makes  encroachments  on 
the  King's  territories  from  his  map  of  1708 
complaining  that  "All  Canada  is  taken  in 
fifty  leasfues  all  along  the  edge  of  Pcnsilva- 
nia  and  New  York  more  than  in  the  former 
map." 

It  is  instructive  to  see  how  often  Do 
L'Isle's  maps  are  mentioned  iu  the  Colonial 
dispatches,  and  how  many  plans  even  of  the 
Engli  li  territories  taken  from  them,  were 
sent  to  England. 

Gov.  Colden,  who  wa3  excellent  authori^ 
'n  his  memoir  on  the  Fur  Trade,  Nov.  18 
1724  (V.  Col.  Doc.  p.   726)  refers  to  this 


la 


Db  lisle— popple,  1788. 


encroachment  of  the  niape  and  speaks  of  the 
French  as  being  indefatigable  In  discoveries 
and  comnrirce  with  (Indian)  nations 
of  whicL  iiie  English  know  nothing  but 
what  they  see  in  French  maps  and  books.  lu 
another  place  he  describes  the  map  of  1718  as 
being  the  best  he  had  seen.  As  late  as  1755  we 
find  Palaii-et  describing  a  new  chart  drawn 
by  Mr.  Buai.he  from  the  memoirs  of  M.  de 
L'lfile,  and  published  in  1760. 

The  maps  of  De  L'ls'e  in  the  Historical 
Room  are,  one  from  Covens'  and  Mortier's 
atlas,  published  at  Amsterdam  in  1722;  and 
a  fac-Bimlle  of  one  with  no  date,  but  evident- 
ly late  m  Pe  L'Isle's  life,  found  in  the  Hist. 
Ccllections  of  Louisiana,  by  B.  F.  French, 
part  2,  1860. 

The  very  maps  ai'jcussed  by  the  colonists 
in  their  complaints,  wou  d  be  of  great  interest. 
The  lakes  in  the  two  maps  above  named, 
are  much  alike,  and  approaching  accuracy ; 
Ontario  is  somewhat  round  and  Erie  too 
round  at  the  west  end 

On  both  maps  tb?  Ohio  flows  too  near  the 
Lake.  The  last  nnlv  extends  east  to  the  half 
of  Lake  Erie.  The  first  shows  the  Ouabache, 
otherwiae  called  the  Ohio  or  Belle  River, 
rising  m  the  Oniasonke  Lake,  brought  down 
nearly  to  tlie  northern  boundary  of  Mary- 
land. 

The  colony  of  New  Y''  k  has  very  narrow 
limitfl  by  the  colored  lin  s,  the  French  terri- 
tory bemg  bounded  by  Lake  Champlain,  a 
line  from  its  south  end  striking  New  Jersey 
and  then  following  the  bounds  of  New  Jersey 
to  the  northern  line  of  Pennsylvania  which 
turns  south  long  before  it  reaches  lake 
Erie. 

On  this  map  appears  La  Hontan's  Salt  Lake 
and  Long  River  cal'ed  here  the  "Moin- 
gona." 

In  the  uthermap,  which  is  a  better  one,  the 
lake  and  Long  river  are  left  out,  and  the  Mo- 
ingona  appears  with  the  alias  "Des  Moines." 
The  Wabash  and  Ohio  are  better,  the  Ohio 
being  a  braroh  of  the  Ouabache  or  St  Jer- 
ome. In  neither  of  tUese  maps  is  the  course 
of  the  Ohio  as  correctly  defined  as  in  Coxe's 
map. 

Coxe's  travels  were  in  the  southern  part  of 
our  country,  and  there  is  nothing  in  his 
books  to  sbow  how  he  arrived  at  this  knowl- 
edge of  the  Ohio.  The  course  he  gives  it  does 
not  seem  the  work  of  chance. 

I' suspect  that  Coxe  was  after  all  consider 
ably  indebted  to  De  L'IsIe. 

South  of  the  Ohio  appears  the  same  desert 
"where  the  minis  hunt  cattle." 

The  location  of  tribes,  forts,  and  mines,  is 
quite  full.  In  fact,  most  of  the  early  map 
makers  had  a  quick  eye  for  promise  of  min- 
eral wealth. 

The  last  map  shows  the  St.  Peter  or  Mini 
Bota  rising  in  a  lake  of  some  size.     Not 


far  off  is  a  smaller  lake,  with  an  outlet  to  the 
north,  as  if  to  lend  color  to  Mr.  Perkins' 
surmise  that  La  Hontan's  river  may  have 
been  the  St.  Peter  widened  with  its  waters 
set  back,  and  rising  near  Red  River,  flowing 
through  Lake  Winnepeg  and  Nelson  River 
into  Hudson's  Bay  a  salt  sea,  supposed  on 
report  to  be  the  desire.l  route  to  the  East. 
(N.  A.  Review,  Jany.,  1.989  writings  of  J.H. 
Perkins  Vol.  2  p  167.) 

The  English  were  now  giving  much  atten- 
tion to  the  interior  of  America. 

In  1701,  the  Iroquois  made  a  deed  to  the 
King  of  Great  Britinn,  speciously  claimed 
by  the  English  to  convey  the  right  of  sov- 
ereignty to  that  monarch. 

In  1728,  Governor  Burnett  sends  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  a  deed  dated  Sept.  14  of  that 
year,  from  three  oi'  the  Five  Nations,  con- 
firming the  deed  of  1701  and  and  also  c  aim- 
ed to  grant  land  said  to  extend  from  the 
Cuyahoga  River  east.  (V  Col.  Rec.  900)  This 
deeid  is  recorded  in  Albany,  and  the  Gover- 
nor sent  to  England  two  maps  with  the 
places  named  marked  in  red  ink. 

The  English  maps,  however,  were  yet 
based  on  the  French  and  not  with  the  best  of 
judgment. 

There  lies  before  me  an  atlas  of  "America 
Septentrionalis"  (North)  by  Henry  Popple, 
published  in  London  in  1738,  and  now  in  the 
Historical  Room. 

These  maps  were  undertaken  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  Lords  of  Trade,  using  all 
the  maps,  charts,  and  observations  that 
could  be  found;  and  especially  the  authentic 
records  and  actual  surveys  transmitted  by 
the  governors  of  the  British  Plantations 
They  are  certified  to  strongly  as  more  accur 
ate  than  any  extant  by  "ye  Learned  Dr 
Edm  Halley"  of  Oxford,  and  F.  R.  8.  Th( 
engraver  has  bestowed  much  labor  upoi 
them,  but  the  progress  is  backwards.  Lak( 
Ontaiio  or  Frontenac  forms  two  well  shapei 
steps  toward  the  northeast.  Lake  Erie 
long  and  runs  due  east  and  west;  Lake  Hui 
ron  is  much  too  short  north  and  louth;  Lak 
Illinois  is  drawn  too  short;  Lake  Superior 
drawn  too  far  north  with  a  great  squar 
bay  below  its  whole  east  half. 

Our  old  acquaintance  the  Long  River,  n 
appears  as  Moingona.  The  Hobio,  is  as  usi 
al,  near  the  lake  with  a  branch  from 
south  from  the  Chamtauqna  Lake  there  n( 
named. 

A  consciousness,  slightly  intelligent, 
pears  of  the  bays  and  rivers  flowing  nort 
into  Lake  Erie  and  'I  Sandoski. '    The  Mian 
and   Muskingum,     not    named,    appear 
branches  of  the  Ohio;  the  Miami  bavin?  a 
peared  much  larger  and  named  previously 
the  maps  of  D"  L'Isle. 

The  scale  on  which  the  lareer  maps 
drawn  is  vijry  satisfactory;  and  the  varioi 


»1 


••'A_>  Mjf^i '  » ,«^»»!fc»firi  wy\*i.tk^V. . 


lake,  with  an  outlet  to  the 
,d  color  to  Mr.  Perkins' 
iontan's  river  may  have 

widened  with  its  "waters 
g  near  Red  River,  flowing 
nnepeg  and  Nelson  River 

a  salt  sea,  supposed  on 
desired  route  to  the  East. 
Kny.,  1880  writings  of  J.H. 
167.) 

ro  now  giving  much  atlen- 
r  of  America. 

quois  made  a  deed  to  the 
iritinn,  speciously  claimed 
convey  the  riglit  of  sov- 
aonarch. 

mor  Burnett  sends  to  the 
I  deed  dated  Sept.  14  of  that 
oi  the  Five  Nations,  con- 
of  1701  and  and  also  c'aira- 
i  said  to  extend  from  the 
east.  (V  Col.  Rec.  800)  This 
1  in  Albany,  and  the  Qover- 
;land  two  maps  with  the 
irked  in  red  ink. 
naps,  however,  were  yet 
ich  and  not  with  the  best  of 

>re  me  an  atlas  of  "America 
(North)  by  Henry  Popple, 
idon  in  1738,  and  now  in  the 
I. 

ere  undertaken  with  the  ap- 
e  Lords  of  Trade,  using  all 
rts,  and  ob.servations  that 
;  and  especially  the  authentic 
ual  surveys  transmitted  by 
of  the  British  Plantations, 
sd  to  strongly  as  more  accur- 
xtant  by  ''ye  Learned  Dr. 
Oxford,  and  F.  R.  8.  The 
icstowed  much  labor  upon 
rogress  is  backwards.  Lake 
tenac  forms  two  well  shaped 
lie  northeast.  Lake  Erie  is 
ue  east  and  west;  Lake  Hur- 
short  north  and  £outh;  Lake 
I  too  short;  Lake  Superior  is 
north  with  a  great  square 
hole  east  half, 
lintance  the  Lon^  River,  re- 
gana.  The  Hobio,  is  as  usu- 
e  with  a  branch  from  the 
)  Chaatsuqi^a  Lake  there  not 

less,  slightly  intelligent,  ap- 
iya  and  rivers  flowing  north 
nd  'I  Sandoski.'  The  Miami 
n,  not  named,  appear  as 
I  Ohio;  the  Miami  having  ap- 
rger  and  named  previously  in 
L'Isle. 

1  which  the  larger  maps  are 
latisfactory;  and  the  various 


I 


CHARLEVOIX,  1744. 


1« 


portages  showing  routes  of  travel  are  laid 
down  with  care. 

Chicagou  appears  with  its  houses  and  its 
river  of  "that  name  with  Fort  Miamis  or 
Ouamis,  which  was  rea'l^  ioi.::ted  on  the  St. 
.Joseph  on  the  e<ist  side  of  Lake  Michigan, 
there  called  Illinois. 

On  the  v;  est  side  of  the  lake  appears  the 
"Melleky"  River,  (Milwuakee?) 

A  map  by  Emanuel  Bowen,  of  the  Euro- 
pean settlements  in  America  1774.  Is  of  in- 
terest us  being  published  with  the  book  of 
that  name,  of  which  Edmund  Burke  was  the 
principal  author.  It  is  too  smal!  to  be  valu- 
able 

Behrings  Straits  appear  in  latitude  45,  as 
the  "supposed  Str.  of  Annian." 

FATHEB  CHABIiEVOnC, 

a  French  Jesuit  of  sense  and  ability  pub- 
lished in  1744  a  History  of  New  Frauce 
in  six  volumes,  illusrated  by  maps  and 
plans  of  great  value.  This  is  the  edi- 
tion in  the  Historical  Room.  The  work 
has  been  translated  within  a  few  years, 
with  copious  and  very  able  notes  by  Dr. 
John  Q.  Shea,  a  gentleman  well  known  to 
scholars  by  his  many  service  to  the  learning 
of  ancient  America  and  to  a  wider  public  by 
his  occasional  publications,  and  as  the  au- 
thor of  all  the  articles  on  Indian  matters  in 
the  new  American  Cyclopedia. 

This  edition  is  in  the  city  library.  It  is  to 
be  regretted  that  it  does  not  secure  a  larger 
audience  by  being  published  in  less  expens- 
ive, and  more  compact  form. 

The  work  contains  an  excellent  introduc- 
tory bibliographical  notice  by  Charlevoix  of 
the  geograpical  and  historical  works  used  by 
him. 

Charlevoix  was  born  in  1682,  and  died 
1761.  He  was  sent  as  missionary  to  Canada, 
and  his  journal  in  the  form  of  letters  of  his 
journey  through  Canada,  the  country  of  the 
Illinois,  and  down  the  Misslssipi,  covers  1720 
to  1722. 

The  map  in  his  Journal  is  too  small  to 
compare  in  value  with  those  in  his  History. 

Vol.  1  of  that  work  contains  a  general 
map  reaching  nearly  to  the  north  of  Lake 
Huron;  and  Vol  5,  a  map  of  the  great  lakes. 
In  general  accuracy  they  are  a  great  advance 
on  former  maps.  The  author  modestly  at- 
tributes this  in  great  degree  to  N.  Bellin, 
engraver  of  the  department  of  Marine  and 
the  charts  and  plans  accvmulated  there. 

Lake  Ontario  is  still  too  round,  Lake  Erie 
with  a  broad  round  end  east,  and  the  middle 
of  the  lake  lowest  rounding  easily  towar'' . 
each  end.  Lake  Michigan  Ties  too  much  to- 
wards the  southeast,  and  Lake  Superior  is 
too  broad. 

Isle  Royal  still  appears  twice:  once  under 
that  name,  and  again  as  I.  Philippeaux  or 


I.  Minong,  the  name  given  to  it  by  Cham- 
plain. 

Charlevoix  speaks  of  the  mines  of  Lake 
Superior  as  having  been  re-discovcred  in  his 
time  after  belnir  foriarotten  for  70  years. 

La  Uontan's  river  is  dropped  not  again  to 
appear,  and  a  note  on  the  map  says  that  the 
sources  of  the  Moingona  are  not  known. 

Chicagou  ha.s  become  a  "Port" 

Among  the  affluents  of  the  Illinois  ap- 
pears the  river  "des  Iroquois,"  a  fact  alleg- 
ed afterwards  as  illustrating  the  extent  of 
the  occupation  of  that  tribe. 

The  river  "Ouabache  ou  St.  Jerome"  takes 
its  rise  in  lakes  near  the  Maumee  much  re- 
duced in  size  reminding  one  of  La  Salle's 
letter  before  quoted 

The  Maumee  is  c  tiled  Miamis. 

The  present  Miami  and  the  Scioto  both 
rise  very  near  the  lake  with  each  a  portage. 
The  first  is  called  the  Chionousk6,  the 
second  the  Chiagues. 

The  mastodon  had  apparently  been  found, 
for  near  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  is  a  note  that 
here  were  found  in  1729  the  boaes  of  an  ele- 
phant. 

The  upper  branches  of  the  "0;o  ou  La 
Belle"  are  liberally  represented;  and  along 
them  and  the  Ohio  appear  Indian  Villages. 
The  ancient  Erics,  "who  were  destroyed  by 
the  Iroquois,"  are  fairly  located  between  the 
lake  and  the  river. 

The  source  of  the  Ohio  is  carried  east  and 
opposite  the  end  ef  Lake  Erie. 

On  the  one  map  a  branch  from  the  north 
flows  from  th*^  Chautauqua  Lake  called 
Lake  Niatacnon,  the  stream  from  it  Little 
Eannavagon,  flows  into  Great  Kanavagen,be- 
comin^  in  Evans'  m^p  1755,  Canavagy  Creek, 
and  still  called  Conewango  Creek;  on  the 
other  map  this  becomes  the  portage  and  Lake 
of  Eanavangon. 

River  "au  Beufs"  (Buffalo  River)  starts 
from  a  lake  near  Erie,  and  represents  French 
Creek. 

On  this  as  on  previous  mai)s  is  a  marked 
bay  with  two  small  rivers  which  I  have  no 
doubt  is  an  exaggeration  of  the  curve  of  the 
Lake  at  Cleveland. 

In  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie  are  Ratt'e- 
snake  Islands,  "des  Serpens  Sonnettes." 

I  have  said  early  in  these  papers  that  the 
south  shore  of  Lake  Erie  was  the  last  part  of 
the  Lake  region  to  become  known,  a  fact  il- 
lustrated by  our  author's  notes  along  it — "all 
this  shore  is  nearly  unknown." 

That  the  English  had  be^un  to  work  over 
the  mountains,  appears  in  the  English  posts 
and  names  on  the  Cherokee  river  and  its 
branches,  now  the  Tennessee. 

Charlevoix  left  Nia<;ara  to  go  by  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  May  21,  1721.  He  says 
the  course  by  the  south  shore  was  much 
more  agreeable,  but  longer  by  half.    HU 


^ 


ii>*MWHM«*M«wMi 


14 


BNQLISH  MAPS,  1754-56. 


Bcription  of  Lake  Erie  Is  in  tlie  second  vol- 
ume of  his  Journal. 

I  may  be  pardoned  for  mentioning  that 
my  copy  puljlished  In  London,  1701,  has  in  it 
the  autograph  and  arms  of  Sir.  Wm.  John- 
son, fiorn  in  Ireland, he  settled  in  central  New- 
York,  m  1746  was  made  a  war  chief  of  the 
Iroquois;  in  1755  a  baronet  of  Great  Britain, 
in  1756  "  Colonel,  A^ent  and  sole  8up- 
intendent  of  all  the  affairs  of  the  Six  Nations 
and  other  northern  Indians."  His  life  was 
for  some  time  before  his  death  ha'f  the  histo- 
ry of  New  York.  He  disd  jnst  as  the  Revo, 
lution  commenced,  and  his  children  and  her- 
editary influence  carried  the  Iroquois  ai^inst 
us  in  that  contest.  He  negotiated  the  treat- 
ies under  which  the  British  claimed  the 
country  of  the  Ohio. 

The  arms  are  supported  on  each  side  by 
Indians  with  bows  and  arrows,  surmounted 
by  tlags,  spear,  and  tomahawk.  The  crest  is 
an  liplif ted  baud  with  an  arrow.  The  motto 
is  "Deo  Regique  Debeo."  I  owe  duly  to  God 
and  the  King.  The  coat  of  arms  caused  me 
first  to  suspect  the  book  once  his. 

1755,  the  year  of  Braddock's  defeat,  was  a 
fruitful  year  for  maps. 

In  1748,  the  Ohio  company  had  been  form- 
ed with  the  design  to  settle  beyond  the  Alle- 
ghauies  or  "Endless  mountams"  as  named 
time  and  again  in  the  maps. 

In  1750,  Gist  their  surveyor  traveled  down 
the  Ohio. 

Early  in  the  year  1753,  the  English  learned 
that  the  French  had  crossed  Lake  Erie,  for- 
tified Presque  Isle,  (now  Erie)  and  settled 
upon  the  branches  of  the  upper  Ohio. 

WASHINGTON 

was  sent  to  see  tbem.  His  journal  com- 
mencing Oct..  31si.  1753,  was  published  in 
London,  1754,  accompanied  by  a  map  the 
author  of  which  does  not  appear. 

It  is  evidently  based  upon  that  of  Charle- 
voix but  with  additions. 

Lake  Erie  has  at  its  east  end  more  itsjproper 
course.  At  Presque  Isle  appears  a  Freuch 
fort  with  a  portage  fifteen  miles  to  another 
on  "Beef  River  or  French  Creek  " 

The  Mahoning  River  appears  as  Great  Bea 
ver  Creek,  the  name  Beaver  now  existing  in 
the  lower  river  and  eastern  branch. 

Two  streams  appear,  one  called  Yellow 
Creek,  between  that  and  the  Muskingum, 
called  with  its  branch  to  the  north  (T>isca- 
rawas  River),  White  Woman's  Creek.  Tus- 
karoras  is  a  village  upon  the  east  branch. 
Muskingum,  and  White  Woman's  Town, 
are  two  villages  at  the  junction. 

Farther  southwest  we  find  the  Hokhoking 
(Hocking),  with  a  village  of  the  name  upon 

The  "Sikader"  River  (Scioto)  is  well  defin- 
ed.   Then  the  Little  Miami  without  name, 


the  "Great  Miyamls"  with  name,  both  quit( 
Incorrectly,  with  an  English  post  "Pikkava 
linna"  (PlckawiMny)  upon  the  Great  Miami, 

From  a  small  stream  at  the  east  end  ol 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Miamis,  entering  at  the 
other  end,  no  stream  appears  on  the  soutL 
shore  of  Lake  Erie. 

A  criticism  appears,  that  the  space  be 
tween  the  "AiUgany  Mountains  and  the 
Mississippi  is  too  great  in  the  French  maps.' 
I  do  not  see  that  m  this  or  in  the  FrencJ 
map9  the  space  differs  materially  from  the  fact 

In  1753  was  published  at  London  "Thf 
History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations"  by  C, 
Colden,  Surveyor  General  of  New  York. 
Although  the  book  is  valuable  and  in  175( 
Governor  Burnett  supposed  Colden  "to 
know  the  geography  of  this  country  bettei 
than  any  other  person,"  the  map  in  the  sec 
ond  volume  of  this  work  is  of  little  value 
and  carries  one  back  in  Ohio  to  the  old  mis 
takes. 

There  are  in  the  rooms  of  the  Historica! 
Society,  two  maps  dated  1755,  designee 
especially  to  show  the  dispute  between  Greai 
Britain  and  France 

One  published  by  R.  and  J.  Ottens,  Am 
sterdam,  i$  in  a  reprint  of  Mitchell's  atlat 
of  that  date  published  at  Amsterdam  bj 
Covens  and  Mortier,  and  presented  by  Rev. 
E.  A.  Dalrympie  the,  Secretary  of  the  Mary 
land  Historical  Society,  to  our  own. 

The  other  is  engraved  by  Thomas  Rit«bet 
and  sold  in  London,  but  even  the  title  li 
French.  These  maps,  as  well  as  one  in  thi 
Historical  Rooms  published  at  Amsterdan 
1752  were,  I  am  satisfied,  the  14th  o 
the  Atlas  Methodic^ue  of  J.  PaKiret  "ageni 
of  their  High  Mightinesses  the  States  Genera 
of  the  United  F  ovincc  &c. .  and  describee 
in  his  "Concise  Description''  for  the  bette 
explaining  of  the  map,  London  1755. 

The  territory  marked  disputed,  is  boundet 
north  by  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  th  3  Ottawa 
a  line  north  of  Lake  Huron  and  turnini 
south  to  the  Lake  near  its  west  end,  thenc 
bjf  Lake  Huron,  Michigan,  and  the  lUmoi 
River,  to  and  down  the  Mississippi  River 
Thence  along  the  Gulf  to  Pensacoia  Baj 
thence  irregularly  north  stretching  -towarS 
the  east,  and  west,  again  north  throug 
the  middle  of  Tennessee,  thence  south  of  ari 
nearly  parallel  to  the  Ohio  and  about  sevet 
ty  miles  distant  nearly  to  its  source,  thenc 
about  thirty  or  forty  mi  es  west  of  presea 
Buffalo  to  Lake  Ontario,  thence  along  i^ 
south  shore  and  in  a  line  with  it  to  the  hea 
of  Lake  Champlain  and  nearly  to  the  Coi 
necticut  River  thence  up  to  opposite  th 
outlet  of  Lake  Champlain,  thence  nearly  eai 
to  the  sea. 

In  these  maps  the  bay  which  I  have  spoi 
en  of  as  in  other  maps  intended  for  the  d 
pression  in  I^ke  Erie  at  Cleveland,  is  call 


rrii.Vifr»toirja),n  "-i.'f'Stir  ijVftiHiri^'titi'icV^'":^^''*^"'^'  "■»i  n 


LEWIS  EVAN8,  17«6-^IOHN  MITCHELL,  1756. 


16 


mis"  with  name,  both  quite 
an  English  post  "Pikliava- 
iny)  upon  the  Great  Miami, 
stream  at  the  east  end  of 

Miamis,  entering  at  the 
earn  appears  ou  the  south 
ie. 

pnears,  that  the  space  be- 
gany  Mountains  and  the 
great  in  the  French  maps." 

n  this  or  in  the  French 

ffersmateriallyfrom  the  fact. 

ublished  at  London  "The 

i'ive  Indian  Nations"  by  C. 

or  General  of  New  York. 

ok  is  valuable  and  in  1750 

tt    supposed    Colden    "to 

phy  ot  this  country  better 

>erson,"  the  map  in  the  sec- 

this  work  is  of  little  value, 

back  in  Ohio  to  the  old  mia- 

;he  rooms  of  the  Historical 
laps  dated  1755,  designed 
w  the  dispute  between  Great 
ice 
by  R.  and  J.  Ottens,  Am- 
reprint  of  Mitchell's  atlas 
mblished  at  Amsterdam  by 
rtier,  and  presented  by  llev. 
e  the,  Secretary  of  the  Mary- 
society,  to  our  own. 
ngraved  by  Thomas  Kit«ben 
)ndon,   but  even  tlie  title  is 

maps,  as  well  as  one  in  the 
us  published  at  Amsterdam 
n  satisfied,  the  14th  of 
)dique  of  J.  PaHiret  "aeent 
[ghtinesses  the  States  General 
I'.ovincc  Ac,  and  described 

Description"  for  the  better 
e  map,  London  1763. 
marlfcd  disputed,  is  bounded 
ver  8t.  Lawrence,  tha  Ottawa, 
F  Lake  Huron  and  turning 
ake  near  its  west  end,  thence 
,  Michigan,  and  the  Illinois 
iown  the  Mississippi  River; 
the  Gulf  to  Pensacoia  Bav, 
rlj"^  north  stretching  towards 
west,  again  north  through 
enncssec,  thence  south  of  and 

0  the  Oliio  and  about  seven- 
nearly  to  its  source,  thence 

•  forty  mi  ea  west  of  present 
e  Ontario,  thence  along  its 
in  a  line  with  it  to  the  head 
plain  and  nearly  to  the  Con- 
thence  up  to  opposite  the 
Ihamplain,  thence  nearly  east 

1  the  bay  which  I  have  spok- 
3r  maps  intended  for  the  de- 
s  Erie  at  Cleveland,  is  called 


Oanahogue  Bay,  and  a  settlement  upon  the 
east  side  of  the  river  (Jwuhoga. 
At  "Sanduske"  is  a  French  fort. 

LEWIS  EVANS 

was  an  American  geographer  and  sur- 
veyor, born  about  17(H),  and  died  June, 
1756.  His  home  was  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
ho  was  much  employed  there  and  else- 
where. 

He  published  a  map  of  the  Middle  Colo- 
nies In  1755,  with  an  anal>  sis.  The  map  it- 
self is  an  ep  tome  of  history  and  geography. 
It  was  engraved  by  -las.  Turner  and  printed 
by  B.  Franklin  and  D.  Hail  in  Philadelphia 
It  was  dedicated  to  Governor  Powuall,  who 
in  1776  published  a  folio  (also  In  the  Histori- 
cal Room)  with  an  enlarged  analysis  but  the 
same  map,  in  which  the  Governor  stood 
stoutly  by  his  deceased  friend  against  other 
maps  pirated  or  other. 

The  advance  in  local  knowledge  in  this 
map  is  large. 

The  Cherage  River  marked  •'djep,"  lies  in 
such  a  position  that  it  must  be  the  Conneaut. 
Between  that  and  the  Cuyahoga  is  a  small 
stream  called  the  Elk,  which  may  oe  either 
the  Grand  or  Chagrin- 

The  Cayahoga  is  laid  down  with  local  but 
not  accurate  knowledge;  it  is  said  to  be 
muddy  and  pretty  gentle.  Up  stream  on  the 
east  are  the  "Tawas."  Oppo.s  te  is  a  French 
House  with  a  Mingo  town  just  above  it.  It 
rises  in  a  pond  with  a  portage  of  one  mile  to 
a  branch  of  the  Muskingum. 

The  next  river  west  is  the  "Guahadahuri," 
not  far  from  the  Sandusky  River,  and  seem- 
ingly too  tar  west  to  be  the  Black  although 
the  name  sounds  a  little  like  the  "Canasado- 
hara,"  the  name  given  to  the  Black  by  James 
Smith,  prisoner  in  the  country  just  s^uthof 
Lake  Erie  in  1755. 

Tne  Sandusky  River  has  Wiandot  on  the 
cast,  Fort  Sandusky  on  the  west;  above  them 
is  a  round  lake,  the  river  flowing  dirjctly 
north.  The  inference  would  be  that  the  take 
was  intended  for  the  bay,  and  the  village 
and  fort  were  situated  respectively  on  the 
south  altd  north  aide  of  the  narrower  part  of 
the  bay. 

Above  the  lake  on  the  east  is  "Junandat" 
built  1754,  and  a  Wyandot  village. 

A  portage  of  four  miles  leads  to  the  Scioto, 
and  one  of  ten  to  the  Miami. 

Lake  Ene  is  too  square  at  its  ends,  and  too 
near  east  and  west. 

This  map  is  partly  reproduced  and  des- 
cribed in  Col.  Wnittlesey  8  History  of  Cleve 
land. 

The  land  between  the  Cuyahoga  and  Con- 
neiiut  Rivers  is  "level  rich  land  intermixed 
with  swamps  and  ponds." 

The  Beaver  has  two  branches;  the  east  in- 


terlocks with  the  "Cherage"  and  "French 
Creek,"  ihe  otlier(Mahou'ng)  westward  with 
Muskingum  and  Cuyahoga;  on  this,  flowing 
ni>arly  duo  cast,  ar>!  many  salt  springs  about 
thirty  miles  above  the  forks."  Mr.  EvanH 
thinks  the  swamps  and  ponds  prevent  a  good 
port.'.ge  to  the  Cuyahoga,  "but  will  no  doub*, 
in  future  ages  be  fit  to  open  a  canal  between 
the  waters  of  Ohio  and  Lake  Erie." 

Cuyahoga  is  "muddy  and  middling  swift" 
but  nowhere  obstructed  with  Falls  or  Rifts. 
As  this  has  fine  land,  and  extended  mead- 
ows, lofty  timber  oak  and  mulberry  fitted 
for  ship-building,  walnut,  che.wut,  and  pop- 
lar for  domestic  services,  and  furnishes  the 
shortest  and  best  portage  between  Ohio  and 
Lake  Erie,  and  it-s  mouth  is  sufficient  to  re- 
ceive good  sloops  from  the  Lake,  it  wi'l  in 
time  become  a  place  of  consequence." 

The  Muskingum  lias  coals,  w'nte  clay  and 
free-stone,  marked  on  the  map.  Whetstone, 
freestone,  coal,  salt,  :ind  petroleum  are 
marked  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  an  intelli- 

fent  examination  by  his  informants,  for  Mr. 
ivatis  says  his  knowledge  of  the  Ohio  coun- 
try was  from  traders  and  others. 

Opposite  Wheeling  Creek  are  antique 
.sculptaras. 

The  map  has  many  trails  and  portages 
with  distances  marked,  which  are  not  noticed 
here  as  that  may  lie  the  subject  of  a  fu- 
ture paper. 

Opposite  Sitndusky  are  laid  down  three  is- 
land stretching  at  regular  distances  across 
the  lake,  where  the  Indians  cross  from  Can- 
ada to  trade. 

A  map  which  was  repeatedly  printed, 
much  used  and  long  authority,  was  Mitch- 
ell's. 

JOHK  MITCHELL,  M.  D.  F.  n.  8., 

came  to  Virginia  early  in  the  18th  century, 
as  a  botanist.  He  livea  long  in  Amer  ca,  and 
died  in  England  in  1768. 

His  large  and  elaborate  map  has  a  certifi- 
cate from  John  Pownall,  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  and  brother  of  Governor 
Thomas,  tbat  it  was  undertaken  at  h<8  re- 
quest, composed  from  drafts,  charts  and  act- 
ual surveys,  transmitted  from  the  different 
colonies  by  the  governors  thereof.  This  cer- 
tificate is  dated  Jul^  1  1755. 

The  various  editions  of  the  map  gen- 
erally have  no  date  but  this.  It  con- 
tinued to  be  much  thought  of,  and  was  used 
by  the  Commissioners  in  making  the  treaty 
of  peace  in  1783  by  which  our  country  be- 
came a  nation.  The  copy  thus  used  was  not 
long  since  presented  by  the  English  Govern- 
ment to  Hon.  Chas.  Francis  Adams  who 
gave  it  to  the  American  Geographical  Socie- 
ty; and  it  hangs  as  a  principal  ornament  in 
its  lecture  room  in  New  York  City. 

There  are  three  copies  of  Mitchell's  m<tp  in 


■^■"nitiM'i'iMitoiii  ildllibitmi 


w^ 


18 


Do  PRATZ,  1767-POUCHOT,  176a 


the  Hiitorical  room,  one  published  in  Lon- 
don and  the  other  two  in  Holland. 

A  copy  of  Mitchell's  map  belor-gin}?  to  Mr. 
Barras  of  £.  B.  Hale  and  Co. ,  seems,  as  far 
M  I  can  Judge,  to  be  of  the  edition  used  at  the 
treatj. 

The  governors  no  doubt  had  given  a  good 
deal  of  pains  to  make  accurate  returns. 

Govern  jr  Moore  of  New  York,  in  1768 
writes  to  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth  "I  must 
knowledge  to  your  lordstiip  that  upon  m  m- 
honing  a  map  I  cannot  help  being  under 
some  kind  of  terror  from  the  remembrance 
of  what  I  suffered  in  the  last  attempt  ot  this 
kind;  the  broach  which  was  then  made  in 
my  small  fortune  is  bv  no  means  repaid." 

Many  places  were  laid  down  from  observa- 
tions. William  Smith,  the  early  historian  of 
New  York.declared  it  to  be  "the  only  authen- 
tic one  extant  at  the  time;"  and  it  certainly 
appears  to  be  a  great  advance  upun  previous 
attempts.  It  is  nearly  as  full  in  comments 
as  Evans'  covering  much  more  territory. 
The  whole  map  is  more  artistic  and  less  stiff 
than  Evans'.  That  part  of  it  covering  Ohio 
is  sometimes  more  pccurate  than  Evans', 
■^nd  sometimes  less  so. 

No  river  is  named  between  Presque  Isle 
and  present  Cleveland.  The  Conneaut  has 
not  its  proper  curve  from  the  east  to  the 
north.  Then  two  smaller  rivers,  liKely  the 
Grand  and  ChagriL ;  then  the  Gwahago  Riv- 
er with  Gwahoga,  an  Iroqouis  town  thirty 
miles  from  its  mouth  between  its  branches. 
The  river  empties  into  "Cannhogue  Bay, 
middl"  of  the  Lake." 

It  is  forty  milcfi  by  trail  from  the  Cuya- 
hoga to  the  Sandusky  River;  and  the  coun- 
try between  called  Canahogue,  is  the  seat  of 
war,  the  mart  of  trade  and  chief  hunting 
grounds  of  the  Six  Nations  on  tht  lakes  an^ 
me  Ohio. 

Plei  .ty  of  salt  ponds  appear  about  thirty 
to  forty  miles  south  of  the  Lake. 

Sandusky  Bay  not  named,  is  the  bottom 
of  the  lake;  the  river  is  named  "Blanc" 
(White).  Junandat  appears  aa  a  town  nam- 
ed Ayonanton,  between  a  branch  to  the  east 
and  lake  of  considerable  size  called  Otsand- 
erket,  which  seems  like  a  renetition  of  San- 
dusky Bay  although  it  is  maae  the  source  of 
a  principal  and  eastern  branch  of  the  Mus- 
kingum or  Elk  River.  These  names  occur 
in  a  letter  dated  Aug.  10, 1761,  from  Marquis 
de  la  Jonquiere  to  Governor  Clinton  which 
says  that  three  Englishmen  were  arrested  at 
Ayonoutout,  the  place  selected  in  1747  by 
Nicolas,  the  rebel  Huron  Chief,  as  his  strong 
hold  near  the  little  lake  of  Otsanderket  (VI 
N.  l .  Col.  Doc.  p.  733).  This  is  supposed  by 
the  editor  of  the  Col.  Doc,  to  be  the  same 
place  with  Junandat  which  post  was  built  in 
1754. 

The  Ohio  River  has  an  alias  of  "Splawaci- 


piki;"  but  the  first  name  has  maintained  Ita 
ground. 

TheScioti  is  also  called  the  "Chianotho." 

Evans'  knowledge  of  Ohio  from  the  re- 
ports of  the  traders  and  agents  traveling  over 
the  mountains  and  into  that  country,  was 
more  practical  and  reliable  than  that  from 
the  offlclals  of  New  york. 

Tlie  general  form  of  Lake  Erie  is  the  best 
in  Mitchell. 
The     Maumee  is  best  in  his  map. 

There  are  English  factories  in  Ohio. 

The  territory  claimed  by  the  English  h 
bounded  by  the  western  and  northern  limits 
of  Palairet;  and  it  is  claimed  that  since  the 
year  1072,  when  the  Iroquois  overcame  the 
Shawnecs  they  were  in  possession,  and 
granted  their  lights  to  the  English  in  1701, 
renewed  in  1726  and  1744. 

The  bounds  of  the  province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania include  most  of^  central  New  York 
State  reaching  as  far  north  as  Niagara  R  ver, 
as  far  east  as  sixty  miles  west  of  the  Hudson, 
and  iurlutiing  a  corner  of  Canada.  The  map 
is  of  great  value  for  locating  Indian  tribes. 

The  river  Melliki  appears  again  with  Mis- 
konakimina  at  its  mouth. 

A  map  of  Louisiana,  1767  bv  M.  Le  Page 
Du  Pratz  and  accompanying  his  Histolre  d« 
la  Louisiane,  Paris  1758,  in  far  behind  the 
times.  Even  the  Dead  River  is  raised  again 
and  called  the  Grand.  Lake  Erie  has  its  old 
form  of  a  flight  of  stefs.  He  is  fully  up  with 
the  times  lu  pushing  the  "Montes  Apalaches' 
pretty  well  east,  and  making  them  every- 
where the  English  boundary. 

A  map  of  date  1758,  by  Captain  Pouchoti 
sent  by  him  from  Montreal,  April  14,  to  Mar 
shal  a  Belle  Isle.  The    English  frontier 
lays  down  "from  their  best  maps."  His  ma] 
is  in  his  "Memoirs  on  the  Last  War,"  and 
volume  X,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  p.  694. 

The  Ohio  country  shows  that  he  had  seei 
Evans'  map,  though  his  own  is  not  on  ch 
whole  as  accurate. 

The  Cuyahoga  is  the  Gavouge;  the  Scioto 
the  Soniobato.  From  West  Virginia 
Petroleum  Rivei  flows  into  the  Ohio.  Th 
shape  of  Lake  Ontario  in  this  map  is  an  im 
provement  on  the  maps  then  current  whic! 
generally  made  it  too  roimd,  with  too  smal 
an  extension  at  the  west. 

Captain  Pouchot'  speaks  of  the  detail 
Lake  Erie  as  entirely  unknown,  and  pei 
haps  as  navigable  for  larsre  vessels  as  Lah 
Ontario,  X.  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.  p.  694. 

While  the  British  and  French  were  nom 
nally  at  peace,  the  quarrel  went  on  aboi 
the  Ohio;  and  the  French  declined  to  gi 
up  their  posts  connecting  from  Presque  Is 
with  Fort  Du  Quesne  and  down  the  Ohii 
Braddock's  ill-fated  expedition  set  out 
break  the  line  by  force. 

James  Sniitb,  who  had  for  some  time  bei 


h( 


■^'•^r."^-if»';lS(?'«*.»eS'*-.'rt.'riv  '  ■V'.r'r*- 


t  name  baa  maintained  Its 

so  called  the  "Chlanotho." 
dge  of  Ohio  from  the  re- 
■a  and  astents  traveling  over 
nd  into  that  country,  was 
id  reliable  than  that  from 

w  york. 

m  of  Lake  Erie  is  the  best 

best  in  his  map. 
lish  factories  in  Ohio, 
claimed  by  the  English  is 
(v^estem  and  northern  limits 
t  is  claimed  that  since  the 
the  Iroquois  overcame  the 
were  in  possession,  and 
;hts  to  the  English  in  1701, 
and  1744. 

f  the  province  of  Pennayl- 
lost  of  central  New  York 
far  north  as  Niagara  R  ver, 
y  miles  west  of  the  Hudson, 
corner  of  Canada.  The  map 
for  locating  Indian  tribes, 
iki  appears  again  with  Mis- 
<,a  mouth. 

isiana,  1757  bv  M.  Le  Page 
companying  his  Histolre  de 
iris  1758,  la  far  behind  the 
c  Dead  River  is  raised  again 
Irand.  Lake  Erie  has  its  old 
of  steps.  Hu  is  fully  up  with 
ling  the  "Montes  Apalaches" 
,  and  making  them  every- 
[sh  boundary. 

;  1758,  by  Captain  Pouchot.is 
n  Montreal,  April  14,  to  Mar- 
e.  The  English  frontier  he 
n  their  best  maps."  His  map 
)irs  on  the  Last  yVar,"  and  in 
r.  Col.  Doc.,  p.  694. 
intry  shows  that  he  had  seen 
ough  his  own  is  not  on  the 
ite. 

a  is  the  Qayouge;  the  Scioto, 
Prom  West  Virginia  the 
I  flows  into  the  Ohio.  The 
Ontario  in  this  map  is  an  im 
lie  maps  then  current  which 
it  too  round,  with  too  small 
the  west. 

hot*  speaks  of  the  detail  of 
entirely  unknown,  and  per- 
ble  for  laree  vessels  as  Lake 
Y.  Col.  Doc.  p.  694. 
itish  and  French  were  nomi- 
the  quarrel  went  on  about 
the  French  declined  to  give 
onnecting  from  Presque  Isle 
Quesne  and  down  the  Ohio, 
fated  expedition  set  out  to 
y  force. 
,  who  had  for  some  time  been 


MAJOR  ROGERS,  1760. 


n 


a  prisoner  moving  around  Northern  Ohio, 
was  now  with  lus  captors  at  Fort  Pitt. 
Braddock's  army  was  spied  every  day;  and 
an  Indian  showed  Smith  their  close  fine  of 
inarch,  and  anticipated  thv^  battle,  by  saying 
the  IndiauH  would  surround  them,  take  trees 
and  "shoot  um  all  one  pigeon."  (Ind.  Captiv- 
ities, p.  183). 

Braddock's  defeat  was  July  8.  1765.  The 
war  d.-aggcd  until  Pitt  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  English  ministry  in  1757.  In 
1758  it  was  puHhed  with  vigor,  and  the 
French  disheartened  elsewhere,  abandoned 
Fort  Du  Quesne,  November  25.  The  French 
meant  to  attempt  its  recapture  in  1759;  but 
Canada  was  viKorcusly  attacked,  and  Sep- 
tember 18,  1769,  Quebec  was  surrendered  to 
the  English. 

September  8, 1760,  all  Canada  was  surren- 
derea;  the  title  to  be  as  should  be  deter- 
mined at  the  Treaty  of  Peace,  and  in  Ameri- 
ca the  strife  with  France  was  ended. 

In  November  1763,  a  Treaty  was  aereod  lo 
and  ratified  in  Februaiy  1768.  By  this  the 
bounds  between  the  English  and  French 
no.<iise88ion8  were  fixed  at  the  Mississippi 
River,  from  its  source  by  one  of  its  oaatem 
branches  to  the  sea. 

But  the  western  Indians  had  been  wi  h  the 
French,  and  it  was  vastly  easier  for  the 
French  in  1760  to  surrender  their  posts  than 
for  the  English  to  take  actual  possession. 

Sept.  12,  1760,  Major  Rogers  was  ordered 
to  proceed  to  the  western  posts.  About  the 
first  of  November  he  left  Presque  Isle  with 
his  command,  to  continue  along  the  south 
coast  of  Lake  Erie.  Nov.  7  they  reached 
the  river  called  by  Rogers  the  Chogage. 
Here  he  met  a  party  of  Indians  from  Detroit. 

That  the  Chogage  was  not  the  Cujrahojra, 
as  has  been  supposed,  seems  very  satisfacto- 
rily established  by  Col.  Whittlesej  <n  bis 
History  of  Cleveland.  Was  it  not  th«;  Con- 
neaut,  called  in  1766  on  Evans'  mar  and  in 
1776  in  Pownall's  description,  the  Cherage? 

That  the  Cherage  was  the  Conneaut  ap- 
pears from  its  position  on  Evans'  map  and 
from  the  statement,  that  with  French  Creek 
(emptvinc;  at  Erie)  it  interlaced  with  the  east 
branch  of  Beaver  Creek 

The  supposition  that  the  Chogage  was 
Grand  River,  carries  the  conclusion  that  the 
river  caded  by  the  Indians,  the  Elk  River, 
was  the  Cuyahoga;  but  the  Elk  is  placed  by 
all,  east  of  the  Cuyahoga,  and  the  last  was 
the  best  known  and  surest  to  be  laid  down, 
of  all  the  rivers  from  the  south  of  Lake  Erie 
except  the  Maumee,  and  by  names  not  far 
different  from  the  present.  It,  was  !;s  we 
have  seen,  noted  for  its  easy  portage. 

The  distances  cannot  be  very  certain  on  any 
mode  of  settling  the  question,  but  distances 


in  the  West  in  those  tlme^  were  very  un'^er- 
iiin. 

Ro,^r8  makes  the  Elk  fifty  miles  east  of 
Sandusky,  which,  if  i'  is  east  of  the  Cuya- 
hoga is  too  little.  Yet  all  the  maps 
place  the  Elk  east  of  the  Cuyahoga,  and 
Rogers  in  his  Concise  Account  of  North 
America,  p.  198,  makes  the  Cuyahoga  about 
forty  miles  east  of  Sandusky. 

MajoF  Rogers  found  Pontiac,  the  able  In- 
dian chief  of  the  west,  a  haughty  man, 
and  most  of  the  western  Indians  dissatis- 
fied. He  took  possession  of  Detroit  and 
other  posts;  but  in  tlie  Spring  of  1703,  Pon- 
tiac captured  most  of  the  posts  in  the  West. 

The  encroachments  of  the  English  had 
been  watched  with  a  iealous  eve.  One  chief 
had  stated  the  Engli  4h  and  French  claims 
and  aptly  asked  "Where  lie  the  Indians' 
laa.is?" 

Even  the  Five  Nation''  wavered.  They 
could  not  uKderstand  that  the  English  own- 
ed their  soil,  and  it  required  all  the  influence 
and  address  of  Sir  William  Johnson  to  keep 
them  from  joining  the  Western  Confeder- 
acy. 

It  was  plainly  necessary  for  the  English  t» 
be  careful. 

A  military  proclamation  was  issued  in 
1762,  by  Col.  Henry  Bouquet  from  Fort 
Pitt,  reserving  the  land  west  of  the  moun- 
tains as  hunting  grounds  for  the  Indians. 

The  English  at  home  laid  out  the  govern- 
ments and  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Octo- 
ber 1763,  Vol.  83,  p.  476,  contains  a  map  of 
them  laid  down  agreeably  to  the  Royal  Pro- 
clamation of  Oct.  7,  1703.  The  western 
bounds  are  the  Alleghanies.  The  lands 
west  are  marked,  "Lands  reserved  for  the 
Indians,"  and  the  proclamation  strictly  for- 
bids settlement  beyond,  or  any  extension  of 
the  old  colonies  Loyond  the  heads  of  the 
rivers  falling  into  the  Atlantic, 

The  Annual  Register  for  1768,  contains 
the  map,  proclamation,  and  comments;  giv- 
ing as  the  main  reason,  the  fear  of  alarming 
the  Indians. 

The  English  made  two  expeditions  along 
the  coast  of  Lake  Erie  which  met  with  mis- 
haps. 

November  7,  Major  Wilkins,  going  to  the 
relief  of  Detroit,  was  wrecked  at  Point  auz 
Pins. 

This  place  appears  lu  Mitchell's  map  of 
1755,  in  Charlevoix  of  1744,  and  Pownall'a 
of  1777,  toward  the  west  end  of  the  north 
shore,  and  in  other  maps  the  name  still 
adheres.  Long  Point  also  on  that  shore, 
was  mentioned  in  'he  narrative  of  the  ex- 
pedition. (See  Whittlesey's  Histonr  o£ 
Cleveland,  and  Hist.  Soc.  Tract  No.  13.) 


IS 


EXPEDITIONS  OF  1764. 


In  1784,  the  BritlHh  government  sent  two 
expeditions  into  the  Oliio  country;  the  one 
commanded  by 

COL.  JOHN  BRADBTBBT 

was,  It  seems,  to  go  along  the  southern  shore 
and  strilce  into  the  IScioto  country. 

His  expedition  was  unsatisfactory.  He 
was  unable  to  go  to  the  Scioto  country;  and 
8  leltur  from  one  of  Its  ofHcers,  intimates 
that  it  was  from  such  geographical  ignorance 
as  expected  boats  to  sail  where  there  wiis 
only  dry  ground.  The  real  difficulty,  was 
the  incapacity  of  the  commander,  who  al- 
lowed the  Indians  to  deceive  him,  and  when 
undeceived  showed  no  efflc'cncy. 

On  his  return,  on  tlie  night  of  October  19 
tod  20,  1764,  a  sudden  storm  overtook  him 
•t  Rocky  Ri/er;  twenty-flve  of  his  boats 
were  destroyed,  and  much  suffering  ensued. 
Many  relics  of  this  disaster  have  been 
found,  most  ot  which  are  in  the  room 
of  the  Historical  Society,  and  have  been  de- 
scribed in  a  careful  paper  by  Dr.  J.  P.  Kirt- 
land  in  Whittlesey's  History  of  Cleveland. 

All  that  can  be  found,  giving  an  account 
of  the  disaster  appears  in  the  paper  referred 
to,  and  in  Tracts  thirteen  ana  lourteen  of 
the  Historical  Society. 

There  is  no  doubt  of  the  locality  of  the 
disaster. 

In  May  1765,  the  schooner  Victory  was 
Bent  to  take  up  the  cannon,  left  by  Col.  Brad- 
street  near  the  "Riviere  aux  Roches,"  which 
is  the  first  use  of  this  name  I  have  noticed, 
and  it  is  in  the  French  language.  The  New 
York  Mercury  of  x.ovember  26,  1764,  says 
the  night  was  very  dark,  and  little  else  could 
be  saved  than  small  quantities  of  provision. 

The  army  then  proceeded  to  "Grand"  Riv- 
er (first  appearance  I  know  of  thai  name) 
where  they  had  another  storm.  The  poor 
Colonel  met  with  still  another  on  Lake  On- 
tario, and  lost  effects,  "but  happily  no  lives." 
He  was  much  blamed  for  his  conduct.  His 
own  report  is  not  to  be  found.  An  officer 
named  Mante  published  a  brief  account  of 
the  expedition,  and  said  no  lives  were  lost. 
In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  relics,  were 
found  la  a  mound  some  dozen  bidies,  with 
metalic  buttons  and  other  evidences  that 
they  wefe  whites.  Loskiel,  in  his  Histoir 
of  Indian  Missions.translation,  London  1794, 
locates  th.s  disaster,  and  says  many  lives 
were  lost,  and  in  this  he  is  followed  by 
Jiorae,  the  American  Geographer  in  1798. 
These  rocks  were  in  old  times  quite  a  terrer 
in  navigation  by  boats  and  the  Indians 
offered  tobacco  to  appease  them. 

HBNRT   BOUQTJKT'8  EXPEDITION  OF  1764 

into  the  Ohio  countiy,  was  a  great  succesM. 
The  account  of  it,  published  the  next  year 
with  maps,  and  reprinted  in  1868  in  the 
Ohio  Historical  Series  of  Robert  Clarke  & 


Co.,  of  dncinnatl.hasa  map  of  Capt.  Thom- 
as Hutchins,  who  accompanied  it.  The  map 
is  very  much  more  accurate  than  any  pre- 
ceeding  one,  having  been  laid  down  from 
carefulobservation.  Several  trails  are  laid 
down  and  ccrefully  described.  Mahonins 
town  is  on  the  ilver  now  of  that  name,  and 
104  miles  from  Fort  P  It.  Thence  it  i."*  forty- 
two  to  the  Cuyahoga  River,  and  thence  ten 
miles  to  Ottawa  town  on  the  Cuyalioga. 

The  course  of  tlie  Mahoning  is  very  well 
observed.  The  Cuyahoga  has  quite  its  prop- 
er course.  Cuyahoga  Town  is  where  it  turns 
north  from  east,  and  Ottaw  a  Town  about  fif- 
teen or  twenty  miles  from  the  Lake. 

Sandusky  Bay,  called  Lake,  is  for  the  first 
time  in  proper  shape.  Sandusky  Fort  is  on 
the  south  side,  and  Wyandot  Town,  called 
"Junandat"  in  the  text,  is  just  south  of  it. 
"Junqueindundah"  is  a  town  about  twenty 
miles  west  of  it,  and  upon  Sandusky  River 
The  Huron  River  is  ca'ied  '  Bald  Eaglo 
Creek,"  and  is  sixty  yards  wide.  Between 
it  and  Mohicon  Johnstown  are  the  remains  of 
a  fort  built  by  the  Ottawas.  The  Mineame 
(Maumee)  has  also  more  nearly  than  usual 
its  proper  course.  There  are  unnamed  small 
streams  besides,  flowing  from  the  south  in- 
to Lake  Erie  but  not  to  be  identified. 

In  short,  the  mop  does  decided  credit  to 
the  patriotic  Captain  Hutchins  At  the  Rev- 
olution he  was  in  London.  In  1778  he  was 
suspected  of  correspondence  with  Franklin 
and  escaped  to  America.  Here  he  was  made 
geographer  of  the  United  States.  He  organ- 
ized our  system  of  land  surveys,  but  died  in 
1788.  A  sketch  of  him  will  be  found  in  His- 
torical Tract  No.  32. 

In  1778,  his  Topographical  Description 
was  published  "  for  the  author"  In  London. 
It  was  moatlv  from  Evans",  and  would  tell 
the  enemy  little  they  could  not  a'ready 
know.  It  refers  to  his  map,  which  is  not  in 
the  Historical  Room  though  the  book  is. 

I  have  referred  to  the  proclamation  of 
1763.  The  English  were,  however,  pressing 
westward.  Many  capitalists,  among  them 
Washinctori,  were  thinking  that  western 
lands  would  bo  valuable,  and  in  1768  at  Fort 
Stanwix.Sir.  Wm.  Johnsou  made  a  treaty  by 
which  the  boundary  of  the  Indian  Lands 
was  fixed  as  follows:  commencing  on  the 
Ohio  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cherokee,  (Tennes- 
see) thence  up  the  Ohio  and  Alleghany  to 
Kittanning,  thence  across  to  the  Susquehan- 
na, placing  a  great  share  of  New  York  State 
to  the  Indians.  How  much,  appears  in  a  map 
dated  1771,  made  by  Guy  Johnson,  to  be 
found  in  the  4th  Volume  of  N.  Y.  Col.  His- 
tory, p.  1090.  Yet  it  was  considered  that 
the  Indians  had  made  large  concessions. 

The  hard  feeling  engendered  among  the 
Indians,  by  the  aggression  of  settlers  and 
traders,  made  them  ready  to  side  against  the 


n-T:'ti'*-  i-'-:'.'silii-!~:t"i-r-s^j,'tiv\!fi 


JEFPREY8,  1770— JOHN  PITCH,  1788. 


M 


9K  map  of  Oapt.  Thorn- 
ompanied  It.  The  map 
ccurate  than  any  pre- 

been  laid  down  from 

Several  trailn  are  laid 
described.  Mahoninff 
low  of  that  name,  and 
P  tt.  Thence  it  is  forty- 
I  River,  and  thence  ten 
n  on  the  Cuyalioica. 
Mahoning  h  very  well 
hoga  liiiH  quite  its  prop- 
)  Town  is  where  it  turns 
Ottaw  a  Town  about  flf- 
f  rom  the  Lake, 
led  Lake,  is  for  the  first 
Sandusky  Fort  is  on 
Vyandot  Town,  called 
DXt,  id  just  south  of  it. 
Is  a  town  about  twenty 

upon  Sandusky  R'ver 
is  called    '  Balcl  Eagle 

yards  wide.  Between 
itown  are  the  reniains  of 
>ttawas.  The  Mineame 
Tiore  nearly  than  usual 
liere  are  unnamed  smali 
ing  from  the  south  in- 
to oe  identified. 
■»  does  decided  credit  to 
Huichins  At  the  Rev- 
Midon.  In  1778  he  was 
ondence  with  Franklin 
■ica.  Here  he  was  made 
ilted  States.  He  oraan- 
Ind  surveys,  but  died  in 
will  be  found  In  His- 


III 

t 


ographical  Description 
the  author"  in  London. 
Evans',  and  would  tell 
ey  could  not  a'ready 
lis  map,  which  is  not  in 
though  the  book  is. 
)  the  proclamation  of 
iverc,  however,  pressing 
apitalists,  among  them 
thinking  that  western 
ble,  and  in  1768  at  Fort 
>hnsou  made  a  treaty  by 
'  of  the  Indian  Lan(fe 
■s:  commencing  on  the 
the  Cherokee,  (Tennes- 
)h!o  and  Alleghany  to 
cross  to  the  Husquehun- 
lare  of  New  York  State 
much,  appears  in  a  map 
y  Guy  Johnson,  to  be 
umeofN.  Y.  Col.  Hls- 
t  was  considered  that 
large  concessions, 
engendered  among  the 
;res9iou  of  settlers  and 
eadv  to  side  against  the 


colonies,  during  the  war  for  independence. 

Ho  little  geoghaphical  progress  was  made 
during  the  war,  that,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
map  of  176ff,  was  the  basis  of  the  treaty  of 
1783. 

A  map  in  some  respects  showing  a  curioun 
mixture  of  knowledge,  and  the  want  of  it, 
is 

CAPTAIN  CAHVEU'S, 

published  in  London,  in  1781,  to  illustrate 
his  travels  on  the  Upper  Mississippi  in  1760 
and  1767.  The  general  map  is  on  a  small 
scale,  but  carcfMlly  studied.  The  large 
one  has  many  details  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  the  country  west  of  it.  The  gen- 
eral map  has  the  west  coast,  wherein  ap- 
pears Vancouver's  Island  not  named,  while 
the  great  Wes»"m  Sec  with'n  shows  it  was 
not  fully  expl  ed,  and  the  Straits  of  "Anl- 
an,"  remind  us  of  the  early  times  when  Beh- 
ring's  was  confounded  with  the  sea  around 
Vancouver's  Island. 

Of  the  maps  and  books  of  Revolutionary 
times,  in  the  library  of  the  Hist.  Soc.,  "The 
North  American  and  the  West  Indian  Oazet- 
teer,"  London,  1778,  2d  ed.,i8  quite  cele- 
brated as  a  bibliographical  curiosity  for  its 
account  of  Bristol,  Rhode  Island. 

Bristol  is  a  county  and  town  in  New  Eng- 
land, "having  a  commodious  harbor  at  the 
entrance  of  which  lies  Rhode  Island."  "The 
capital  is  remarkable  for  the  King  of  Spain's 
having  a  palace  in  it,  and  beins  killed  there, 
and  also  for  Crown,  the  poet,  begging  it  ot 
Charles  2d." 

The  maps  in  this  12mo.  are  very  fair  for 
their  size. 

A  map  printed  in  London,  1777,  for  Robt. 
Sayer  and  John  Bennett,  compiled  from  Mr. 
D'Anville's  maps,  corrected  from  the  original 
materials  of  Governor  Pownall,  gives  the 
relative  position  and  form  of  lakes  and  riv- 
ers quite  accurately,  more  so  than  Mitchell's 
though  on  a  small  scale. 

All  the  lakes  seem  quite  natural.  The 
Ohio  and  its  brancnes  from  the  north  are 
not  far  enough  east,  but  quite  good  in  form. 
The  draughtsman  gives  our  antipodes  credit 
for  some  knowledge  of  the  continent.  He 
lays  down  on  the  west  coast  between  Lat.  60 
and  66  "Fou  Sang  of  the  Chinese." 

But  a  map  of  1770,  "laid  down  from  the 
1  itest  surveys,"  and  corrected  in  like  manner, 
Koes  back  to  the  errors  of  Evans'  in  the  forms 
of  Lake  Erie  and  Michigan.  It  is  not  nearly 
as  accurate  as  D'Anville's,  and  is  reduced 
from  Evans'  and  Mitchell's. 

THE  AMERICAN  ATLAB  OF  THOMAS    .IBFFBETB 

published  in  London,  during,  and  after  the 
Revolutionary  war  is  not  uncommon. 

One  purchased  by  the  writer  in  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  is  on  deposit  in  the  Historical 
Rooms  "Composed  from  numerous  surveys, 


by  Major  Holland,  Lewis  Evans,  William 
Scull,  Henry  Monson,  Lieut.  Ross,  J.  Cook, 
Michael  Lane,  Joseph  Gilbert,  Gardner,  Hil- 
lock, &c.,  &c.;  engraved  on  forty-nine  cop- 
per plates. 

The  original  date  was  1776,  but  by  a  pas- 
ted slip  is  1704,  and  nome  changes  appear. 

The  Index  for  maps  6  and  6,  describes  the 
map  above  of  1770,  laid  down  according  to 
the  treaty  of  1708.  The  plate  is  the  same, 
but  for  the  text  of  the  treaty  of  1708,  pass- 
ing HO  much  territory  from  France  to  Eng- 
land, is  substituted  a  new  treaty  of  17% 
with  the  "people  of  the  United  States." 

A  map  of  the  United  States  of  1700,  has 
in  colors  its  flag,  but  its  Lake  Erie  has  gone 
back  a  hundred  years  to  the  old  flight  of 
steps. 

"A  map  of  the  United  States,  by  Samuel 
Dunn,"  Improved  from  Captain  Carver,  is  a 
good,  but  small  map. 

There  is  also  in  the  Historical  Room  a 
large  atlas  of 

FA  den's. 

The  first  map,  "The  British  Colonies  in 
North  America,  engraved  by  Wm.  Faden 
1777,  is  a  very  fair  abridgment  of  Mitch- 
ell's. 

Two  maps  of  Pennsylvania  show  a  very 
little  jf  Ohio;  one  of  them  has  the  Hokhok- 
ing  River  or  the  Long-necked  Bottle,  too  far 
east.  The  war  <^''^.  not  call  for  maps  of  Ohio; 
but  the  "Rebel  works  at  Boston."  Philadel- 
phia, and  Independence  Hall,  are  well  repre- 
sented. 

Not  long  after  the  treaty  of  peace,  the 
western  country  again  attracted  attention. 

In  1787,  was  formed  the  North-west  Terri- 
toiy. 

Anticipating  its  value, 

JOHN  FITCH, 

of  steamboat  memory,  spent  considerable 
time  in  surveys,  within  the  bounds  of  Ohio 
and  Kentucky.  He  had  previously  traveled 
the  country  as  a  prisoner  among  the  Indians. 

In  1786,  he  mtule  a  map  of  the  "  North- 
western country"  based  upon  Hutchins' 
and  Morrow's  maps,  but  containiug  ori- 
ginal and  accurate  intormation.  He  pre- 
pared the  copper  plate  and  engraved  it 
himself,  and  took  his  impressions  in  a 
cider  press.  He  was  then  living  in 
Bucks  County,  Pennsylvama,  and  engag- 
ed In  inventions  using  steam.  The  map  was 
sold  at  six  shilling  a  copy  to  raise  money  to 
pursue  his  experiments  upon  steamboats. 

This  map  I  have  never  seen.  It  is  partially 
described  in  Col.  Whittlesey's  life  of  Fitch, 
in  Spark's  Am.  Biography,  2nd  Series,  Vol. 
0.  The  positions  of  the  main  rivers  and 
great  lakes  are  remarkably  accurate.  On  its 
face  are  engraved  sentences,  as  was  the  fash- 
ion at  that  day,  which  showed  his  clos. 


•  V!rf'JJ?i*"*'^'J^**">*  khw#-" 


ao 


UNIVERSAL  ATLA8-HECKEWELDER,  1700. 


m 


knowledun  of  the  country;  na — "The  lands 
on  thltt  Luke  (Eric)  ure  (generally  thin  and 
Bwampy,  but  will  inaku  good  pasture  and 
meadow  landH." 

"TliiB  country  (IllinolB)  haa  once  been  Hot- 
tled  by  a  people  more  expert  in  w»r  than  the 
prenent.  IteKular  fortlHcations,  and  Homeof 
thoHe  incredibly  large,  are  to  be  found;  al«o 
many  gruvcH  o'l  towcra,  like  pyramido  of 
earth." 

Fitch's  own  projected  land  company  wiih 
not  a  succeflH;  but  other  companies  were 
formed,  which  Nurveyed  and  settled  the 
lands  west  of  the  Allcslianies. 

A  valuable  atlas  prenentcd  to  the  Histori- 
cal Society,  by  Mr.  Geo.  VV.  Howe  of  Cleve- 
land, while  these  papers  are  being  printed. 
Is 

"THE  CNIVEHHAI,  ATLAS;"  LONDON  1706 

being  a  complete  collection  of  the  most  ap- 
proved maps  extant, corrected  with  the  great- 
est care,  and  augmented  from  the  last  edition 
of  D'Anville  and  Kobert  with  many  Improve- 
ments by  Major  James  Rennel  and  other 
eminent  geographers;  engraved  oi.  100  plates 
in  60  maps,  by  Thomas  Kitchen  Senior  and 
others,  in  one  largo  folio  volume. 

Plates  50  and  57,  are  a  fine  map  of  North 
and  Bouth  America,  where  the  United  Btates 
are  laid  down  according  to  the  proclamation 
of  peace  signed  at  Versailles  Jan.  20,  1783, 
compiled  trora  Mr.  D'Anville's  maps  with 
corrections  in  the  British  provinces  from 
Governor  Pownall's  materials. 

The  Lakes  are  much  more  correct  than  in 
the  English  maps.  The  French  maps  gen- 
erally, gave  more  correctly  the  position  of 
the  lakes,  but  not  so  much  In  detail  the 
country. 

Map  58  is  our  old  friend,  originally  pub- 
lished with  the  ttxt  of  the  "last  treaty"  of 
1768,  republished  with  the  text  of  the  treaty 
of  1788. 

Map  No.  68  "of  the  Middle  Dominions  be- 
longing to  the  United  States  of  America,"  Is 
a  very  satisfactory  map  upon  a  large  scale. 
It  is  quite  distinct  from  either  Evans  or 
Mitchell.  The  south  shore  of  Lake  Erie 
takes  8  serpentine  direction  south  of  west. 
Oxhurene  Bay  is  just  east  of  the  Cherage 
Riv',r  and  is  quite  large. 

"i'he  Elk  Creek  seems  to  correspond  with 
the  Grand  River  though  quite  inaccurate. 

The  map  follows  Evans  and  Mitchell  in 
making  the  portage  from  the  Cuyahoga  to 
the  Muskingum,  one  mile  instead  of  eight 
as  it  should  1)6.  Rocky  River  is  small  and 
unnamed.  Black  River  is  larks  and  unnam- 
ed. Beaver  Creek  is  as  it  should  be,  small, 
and  is  unnamed.  The  Guahadahuyi  answers 
to  the  Vermillion.  The  Huron  appears  as 
Bald  Eagle  Creek.  Sandusky  Bay  and  Riv- 
er (the  last  is  named)  are  quite  proper. 


The  whole  of  Ohio  shows  the  author's  in- 
formation to  have  been  accurate  and  exten- 
sive fur  the  times. 

It  was  not  until  the  surveys  of  the  Con- 
necticut Land  Company,  that  the  northern 
coast  of  Ohio  was  known  The  travelers  and 
gacotlrera  to  be  sure  gave  some  knowledge. 

There  Is  in  the  library  of  the  Historical 
8o<iety,  a 

MANUHCniPT   MAP  BT    JOHN    IIRCKBWELDEB, 

the  Moriivian  Missibuary,  made  Jan.  12, 
1706.  It  is  from  the  papers  of  General  Moses 
Cleaveland  oi'  the  Connecticut  Land  Compa- 
ny, and  presented  to  the  Society  by  nlu 
daughter,  Mrs.  Morgan  of  Norwich,  Connecti- 
cut. It  extends  from  Presque  Isle  to  the 
Huron  River.  Coneought  Creek  Is  just  west 
of  (he  Pennsylvania  line,  and  just  within 
that  State,  "grant  of  2000  Acres  of  Land  to 
the  Moravians." 

Up  the  Mahoning,  called  Big  Beaver  Creek 
is  the  "Path    from  Pittsburg  to  the    Salt 
Spring,  Mahoning  old  Town,  Gajahaga" 

The  path  passtis  near  "Salt  Spring."  "Ma- 
honing old  T.,"  and  a  "great  deer  lick," 
foes  west  to  "Cajahoga,  Sandusky,  and 
)etroU,"  striking  the  "Cajahogi  R," 
some  distance  above  the  falls;  there  the  path 
divides,  one  goes  north-west  through  a 
"swamp  whlcYi  will  make  good  meadows," 
to  "Moravian  Ind.  Town  in  1780,"  located 
on  the  cast  of  the  Cuyahoga  just  above  a  lit- 
tle stream  rising  from  three  little  lakes  or 
ponds.  This  was  "Pllgerruh"  (Pilgrim's 
rest)  where  the  poor  Moravians  and  their  In- 
dian converts  after  the  bloody  massacre  at 
Gnadenhutten,  hoped  to  find  rett,  but  where 
they  were  permitted  to  sojourn  only  a  few 
months;  then  going  to  Black  River  to  locate 
some  five  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  without 
locating  there  compelled  to  settle  near 
SandusKy.  Pilgerruh  is  supposed  to  have 
been  near  the  northern  line  of  Independence 
in  this  county. 

The  second  path  crosses  the  river  just  above 
the  falls,  running  west  to  "Cuyahaga  old 
Town"  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  where 
it  turns  north ;  theoce,  one  path  leads  west 
to  Lower  Sandusky,  the  other  north  on  the 
nest  side  the  Cuvahoga  to  the  mouth, 
thence  close  around  the  shore  west.  The 
old  river  bed  appears  as  a  "fine  duck  pond," 
a  description  which  settlers  not  the  oldest 
can  verify. 

A  small  stream  enters  the  Cuyahoga  from 
the  west,  which  is—'  'so  far  navigable  with 
sloops." 

The  Cuyahoga  and  the  Muskingum  appear 
as  the  line  between  the  Indians  and  the  Uni- 
ted States.  , 

An  Indian  path  runs  "along  the  Lake" 
west. 

The  character  of  the  shore  is  shown  by 


"  '■^'m-iir.ivMJMiii^'.'Mi^t'. 


MJ. 

Hhowl  the  author's  in- 
n  accurate  and  ezten- 

Hurvoyn  of  the  Con- 
.nv,  that  the  northern 
iw'n  The  travelers  and 
gave  Honio  knowledge, 
■nry  of  the   UiBtorlcal 

JOHN   IIKCKEWELDKR, 

nary,  made  Jan.  13, 
»l»erH  of  General  Mosen 
ineclicut  liund  Compa- 

0  the  Society  by    ah 

1  of  Norwich,  Connecti- 
D  Preaque  Isle  to  the 
lught  Creole  Is  Just  west 

line,  and  JusI  within 
2500  Acres  of  Land  lo 

ailed  Big  Beaver  Croet 
Pittsburg  to  the  Salt 
ITown,  Oajahaga" 
ir  "Salt  Hpring,"  "Ma- 
1  a  "great  deer  lick," 
lioga,  Sandusky,  and 
the  "Cajahogi  R.," 
befalls;  there  the  path 
lorth-west  through  a 
make  good  meadows," 
rown  In  1786,"  located 
'ahoga  Just  above  a  lit- 
1  tbrse  little  lakes  or 
•Pllgerruh"  (Pilgrim's 
loravians  and  their  In- 
bloody  massacre  at 
to  find  re»t,  but  where 
o  sojourn  only  a  few 
)  Black  River  to  locate 
ts  mouth,  and  without 
)elled  to  settle  near 
is  supposed  to  have 
line  01  Independence 


CONNECTICUT  LAND  CO.-MORBE,  1797. 


%\ 


»C3  the  river  Just  above 
to  "Cuyahaga  old 
de  of  the  river  where 
one  path  leads  west 
he  other  north  on  the 
hoga  to  the  mouth, 
the  shore  west.  The 
a  "fine  duck  pond," 
lettlers  not  the  oldest 


iS 


re  the  Cuyahoga  from 
so  far  navigable  with 

he  Muskingum  appear 
Indians  and  the  Uni- 

as  "along  the  Lake" 

e  shore  is  shown  by 


"Perpendicular  Rocky  Bank"  marked  be- 
tween the  rlvon*  (^uyn)ioiri)  and  Illack. 

The  Ro<'ky,  Black,  iind  Venniilion,  are 
innrkcd,  but  not  named. 

The  Huron  Itlvnr  receives  more  attention 
iiiid  on  the  east,  some  niiips  from  the  mouth, 
U  an  "Old  Moravian  Indian  Town." 

Ileckcwelder  himseir  lived  in  thin  little 
village  on  the  ('uyahoirii,  and  I  cannot  with- 
out emotion  look  at  this  memento  of  men  so 
pious,  selfdcnying  and  long  nulTering,  iin  the 
Moravians:  men  who  took  constantly  their 
lives  in  their  liundH  and  were  only  driven 
from  one  place  lo  l<nivc  death  in  another, 
idl  for  the  love  of  Chris',  and  their  fellow- 
men. 

The  location  of  the  division  between  the 
trad  down  the  ('uyahoira  River  and  to  San- 
dusky, is  fixed  l)v  a  letter  in  Whittlesey's 
History  from  Colonel  James  Mlllman. 

In  May  178)1,  he  look  the  Indian  trail  for 
Slandusky  un'il  he  arrived  "at  the  'Standing 
Stone'  on  the  Cuyahoga  a  iitle  below  the 
mouth  of  Break-neck  Cn-ck,  where  the 
village  of  Franklin  la  now."  There  he  took 
a  trail  "direct  to  Tinker's  Creek  where  was 
a  little  town  Ijuilt  by  Heckcwclder  and 
Zeisberger  with  a  number  of  Moravian  Indi- 
ans.   'Tuey  were  Moravian  preachers." 

The  townsh  p  surveys  made  by  the  Land 
Company,  gave  for  the  first  time  a  definite 
knowledge  of  the  Reserve. 

There  are  in  the  Historical  rooms,  Heveral 
maps  of  frreat  interest  in  this  connection. 

A  MANUSCKIPT  MAP  1797,  BY  BETH  PEASE, 

donated  by  his  nephew  Horace  Pease,  Esq., 
of  Dayton,  showing  the  vaiiatlon  of  the 
compass. 

A  manuscript  map  of  the  Csnnecticut 
"iVestcm  Reserve  from  actual  survey  by 
i^eth  Pease,  (from  the  Walworth  papers)  was 
evidently  prepared  for  publication.  Conne- 
ought  Creek,  Ashtabula  Creek,  Grand  River, 
Chagrine  River,  and  the  Cayahoga  are  there 
nil  properly  laid  down,  together  with  the 
trails  from  the  Big  Beaver,  and  Indian 
paths. 

The  Reserve  west  of  the  Cuyahoga  is  un- 
surveyed  and  subject  to  Indian  claims;  and 
ioss  accurately  appear  the  rivers  Rocky,  Ren- 
ihua,  Vermillion  and  Huron.  This  map 
was  engraved  the  same  year  and  printed  at 
New  Haven. 

A  map  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Compa- 
ny's lands  west  of  the  River  Cuyahoga,  with 
no  date  but  supposcc'.  to  be  1806,  gives  the 
rivers  Rocky,  Black,  Beaver  Creek,  Vermill- 
ion; names  ever  since  used.  Numerous  lo- 
cal trails  appear  which  would  be  oi  consid- 
erable interest  to  the  local  historian. 

An  engraved  map,  probably  ot  date  1808 
by  Seth  Pease  and  Abraham  Tappan,  has 
the  rivers  west  of  the  Cuyahoga  well  laid 
down  in  tke  following  order;  Rocky,  Black, 


Vermillion,  River  la  Chappel,  Old  Woman's 
Creek,  Huron  River  and  Pipe  ('reek. 

An  excellent  map  of  this  period  was  the 
foreign  one  of  Arrowsmlth,  a  cclelirated 
niiip  maker  of  London,  It  is  not  in  our  11- 
brnry  \  tine  French  map  based  on  it  by 
P.  F.  Tordnni,  engraver,  18()'i},  gives  the  fol- 
lowing names  to  the  rivers,  beginning  at  the 
east — ConnieHUght,  Ashialuila  not  named. 
Grand,  Biche,  Shaguin,  Rochn,  (mesning  no 
doubt,  Roche,) Cuyahoga,  liUaabiicu,  (Rocky) 
Rene>il)ona( Black),  (4njs  (Heaver  Creek)  Ver- 
million, Huron,  Portage,  and  Mliiml  du  Lac. 
This  mop  belongs  to  Mr.  George  W.  Ford 
of  New  York  (^Ity,  to  whose  courtesy  I  am 
indebted  for  its  examination. 

The  gazetteers  of  those  days  furnished 
little  Information  of  the  North-west  Torrito- 

The  map  of 

JOBKPn    HCOTT,  PniT.ADEI.PIIIA,  1705, 

is  aftor  the  Mitchell  of  1765,  but  less  accur- 
ate. 

The  text  states  the  boundaries  of  the  trea- 
ty of  Greenville,  1796  by  which  the  Indiana 
granted  all  east  from  the  raoutli  ot  the  Cuy- 
(dioga,  up  the  river  by  the  Portage,  to  the 
Tuscarawas  branch  of  the  Muskingam, 
thence  dov;n  it  to  a  crossing  place  above 
F'ort  liaurens,  thence  to  a  iiranch  of  tlie 
Great  Miami  near  which  stood  'Lorrimer's 
Storo"  tlirnce  westerly  to  P\)rt  Recovery  on 
n  branch  of  tl.e  Wabash,  thence  South  West 
lo  the  Ohio  River  opposite  the  Kentucky  Ri- 
ver. 

The  map  of  the  Northern  part  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  the  "American  Gazetteer"  of 

.TEDEDIAII  MORiE,  D.  D.  B08TON,1797, 

repr'nted  London,  1798  is  a  viy  creditable 
cuiline,  showing  greater  correituess  in  form 
and  information. 

New  Connecticut  appears  as  well  as  the 
Greenville  line,  and  the  additional  reserved 
lands  for  the  forts  in  various  places. 

The  Cuyahojra  has  the  name  "Cayuga," 
and  Morse  in  his  text  calls  it  the  Cayahoga 
or  Cayuga  sometimes  called  the  Great 
(Grand)  River:  a  statement  taken  by  him 
from  Loskiel's  Missions.  Mr.  .1.  W.  Taylor 
in  his  excellent  History  of  Oho,  thinks  the 
aames  of  the  Cuyahoga  and  Geauga  Rivers 
bith  are  from  the  occupation  of  their  banks 
by  a  band  of  the  Cayugas,  one  of  the  five 
Nations. 

Mr.  William  M.  Darlington  of  Pittsburgh, 
in  his  notes  to  Smith's  Narrative,  derives  it 
from  the  Mohawk  word  for  river — Ea-ih- 
ogh-ha. 

The  generally  erroneous  notions  as  to  the 
south  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  led  to  some  prac- 
ical  business  results  in  tlie  history  of  our 
land  titles. 

W^hen  the  State  of  Connecticut  proposed 


iMtit  \mmitSAvMk'i^:.MMlb*i^J.''.^*  ■-'•>' -.a!v 


22 


KXCE88  COMPANY-TIIE  LAKEH. 


to  (toll  It*  "WpHtem  n«'H4«rvf"  there  wiw 
morr  tlmn  one  piirty  of  Kcnthiinnn  prepiirrd 
to  hid  for  II. 

Tiio  n'milt  win  a  compronilHc  Itetwi-cii  <»1- 
Ivcr  Plu'lpx  and  IiIh  iiHH(M'lat('ii.  iifterwiird'* 
known  iiHllii>"('oniio(;llciit  l.andOompHiiy," 
und  .liilin  liivln^Mton  mid  IiIh  axMOC'iatt^ii,  uf- 
terwiirdH  callod  tlin 

"KXCEHu  company" 

The  ExcofcH  t'oinpnny  ufrreed  to  withdraw 
■II  propoNitions  tiiitdi'  by  tiicm  tor  purclrnxo 
and  to  iwHiHt  their  com pt-ti tors.  The  Hxcess 
Company  whm  to  be  entitled  to  the  excesH 
over  8,0(K),0(K)  turim  of  land,  to  be  released 
to  tliem  and  jiald  for  by  them  at  the  pro 
rtttit  price  of  the  whole  land,  and  were 
to  be  to  that  extent  tenantH  In  common 
with  the  ('on)iecil(iit  Land  ("ompany. 
This  axroemeiit,  a  comv  of  which  Is  in  the 
library  of  the  lligtoricuil  Hociety,  Is  dated  l'.ith 

August,  iiva. 

The  IDthof  May  ITlHt,  the  individuals  of 
the  Excess  Company  conveyed  all  tlieir  ti- 
tle to  John  Mor|2an,  lohn  Ciililwe  I,  and  .lonii- 
than  Brace,  (he  sai'ie  triisiees  who  acted  for 
the  Land  Compiiiiy,  by  conveyance  {|ui'e 
■imilartothatof  the  Land  (.'ompany,  to  them. 
It  was  provided,  however  lliiii  I  lie  Joint  report 
of  the  surveyors  then  aciin^  in  the  uxumina- 
tion  of  the  new  territory  should  De  lliial  as 
to  the  (luanlity  of  land  to  bo  held  in  common 
by  the  Excess  Company. 

The  report  of  the  surveyors  was  made  28th 
January,  1707,  and  it  was  found  tliat  the 
Land  Companv  had  less  than  8,000,000  acres, 
and  tlie  Lxcess  Company  nothing. 
Qoneral  Hull,  afterwards  so  unfortunate  in 
the  war  of  1812,  was  a  principal  stock  hold- 
er In  this  company,  and  the  common  f;eo- 
graphical  error  of  a  himdred  years  nearly 
rumed  him. 

The 

NAUB8  OF  TCUC  LAKES 

seemed  to  be  determined  in  spite  of  elTort, 
and  are  generally  Indian  names.  The  first 
discoverer  of  Ontario  called  it  "St.  Louis:" 
The  early  French  called  it  "Frontenac,"  after 
the  Governor,  who  was  not  unwilling  to  be 
complimentea,  but  it  was  afterwards  "Onta- 
rio or  Frontenac."  The  English,  aa  they 
first  claimed  dominion,  called  it  "Kat^ra- 
kui  or  Ontario"  (Washington's  Journal). 
Mitchell,  "Ontario  or  Catarakui;"  andPow- 
nall,  ttie  same:  but  the  name  Ontario  was  al- 
ways used.  , 

Huron  was  named  from  the  unfortunate 
tribe  on  its  shores  when  it  was  first  discover- 
ed, "des  Hurons",  of  the  Hurous.  From 
Homans.lTOC,  and  DeL'Isle.  1723,  it  received 
the  alias  of  "Michigan;"  Hennepin  in  1008, 
and  Coxe  in  1721.  called  it  "Huron  or 
Karegnondl;"  WashiDgton's  Journal  in  1764, 


"Ouato^hl  or  Huron*."     No  oneof  the  lakes 
HO  uniformly  received  the  same  name. 

Lake  Michigan  tH'rHiHlenlly  called  at  tint 
"IllinolM,"  was  called  "Michigan"  In  1711.  by 
Kenex,  in  1714  by  Charlevoiji,  and  it  contin- 
iii'd  i;eneriilly  after  this  to  kave  that  name. 

Huperlor,  "  culled  by  ('hiimplain  its  ttrst 
topoifniplier,  "(Jniiid  I<a( "  was  named  by 
the  JesiiitH  In  their  wonderful  map  'Triieiy 
or  "Superior"  Called  by  the  Eng- 
lish Heiiex  ill  1711)  and  Coxe  In  1721,  as  an 
alias,  after  the  "Nadousslans"  (Hioiix)  on  Its 
shore  it  uniformly  had  fmin  liic  time  of  the 
Jesuit  map  its  present  name,  with  occaslon- 
allv  In  early  maps  the  nameof  Tracy. 

liiike  Erie  received  its  name  from  tlie  Eriea 
on  its  bank,  and  uniformly  had  thai  name. 
Tlie  trilie  was  otherwise  called  the  (-at  na- 
tion, wheii(!e  the  lake  had  sometimes  the  al- 
ias of  "the  Cat,"  "Fells,"  "I)u  Chat." 
Henex  In  1710  called  :t  also  "('adaraqua"  the 
name  sometimes  arlven  to  Ontario.  Wash- 
ington's Journal,  Mitchell,  andPownall  call- 
ed it  also  Oksweffo. 

The  Ohio  Hlver  for  many  years  was  con- 
foiiniled  with  the  Wabash,  and  called  cither 
name,  'i'lie  lower  Ohio  in  early  discoveries 
was  tailed  "  fVabonquigon;"  Hennepin  call- 
ed it  "Hohlo;"L8Hontan,  "Ouabach;"  Jou- 
le', "Douo  or  Atiaclia." 

The  English  made  their  acipiaintance  with 
this  river  from  its  iinper  end,  and  were 
more  incll:ied  to  extend  the  name  Alleghany 
down  the  river. 

Evans  in  17.')5  calls  it  "Ohio  or  Alleghany 
or  Lo  Ikllo,  and  Palaw  Th<-pikiby  the  Shaw- 
enose.  Mlichell  calls  it  "OhioorBplawcipiki." 

The  Muskingum  was  called  almost  uni- 
formly by  that  name,  sometimes  Elk.  Mr. 
Harris  in  his  Tour  into  the  Territory  North 
West  of  the  Allcghanies  (1805)  says,  it  is  an 
Indian  word  meaning  The  Elk's  Eye.  This 
name  Is  given  by  Mitchell  to  one  of  its 
branches. 

Mr.  Howe  (Hist.  Coil,  of  Oliio,  604).  says 
it  is  a  Delaware  word  meaning  a  town  on 
the  river  side. 

The  Walhonding  was  often  called  "White 
Woman's  Creek,"  because  a  captive  white 
woman  lived  ou  it  among  tho  Indians. 

The  Killbuck  was  named  from  a  Delaware 
chief. 

The  Mohican  was  called  Mohican  Johns, 
from  Mohican  Johns  Town  formerly  upon 
its  banks,  no  doubt  from  an  Indian  of  that 
tribe. 

The  Hocking  was  the  Hock  Hocking,  a 
word  meaning, — says  Mr.  Hows— bottle  in 
Delaware;  and  one  map  has  an  alias  to  it 
"or  long-necked  Bottle." 

The  name   of  the  Scioto   was  uniform. 

In  Mitchell's  it  was  "Scioto  or  Chianotto," 
apparently  the  same  name. 

'The  Maumee  was  originpUy  the  river  of 


1 


"  N"  one  of  tholnkflN 
I  ho  HHtiic!  namt*. 
liHtcnllv  <'iillt>(l  at  tint 
"MIcliW  In  1711.  I'y 
irlovolx,  iind  it  I'oiitlu- 
Im  to  bAVi*  tlmt  imrno. 
y  (Uiiimpliilii  itN  tlnil 
liiic"  wiw  niinu'd  hy 
Diulerful  map  •'Trncy 
»l!p(l  l)v  the  Enn- 
(I  Voxe  in  IT'JI.  iix  an 
tiiHMlunH"  (Hioux)  on  IIh 
id  from  dm  time  of  the 
t  niiinc,  with  uccHBlon- 
I  nnmitof  Tniry, 
itn  nnmo  from  the  Eries 
>rmly  had  thai  name. 
Ihc  callfd  the  Cat  na- 
had  somctimoH  tite  al- 
"FoliH,"  "I)u  Chat." 
t  alHO  "('adaraqua"  the 
m  to  Ontario.  VVanh- 
:hcll,  and  Pownall  call- 
many  yearn  was  con- 
liaHh,  and  called  either 
lio  in  early  diacovcnea 
iiiKon;"  Hennepin  call- 
ntan,  "Otiahftcli ;"  Jou- 
1." 

heir  acquaintance  with 
nnper  end,  and  were 
nd  the  name  Alleghany 

it  "Ohio  or  Alleghany 
V  Thepiki  by  the  Shaw- 
Ohio  or  Splawciplki." 
vaa  called  almost  unl- 
HometimeH  Elk.     Mr. 
the  Territory  North 
ies  (1805)  says,  it  in  an 
The  Elk'H  Eye.     ThU 
'itchell  to  one    of  its 

fll.  of  Ohio,  594).  says 
meaning  a  town  on 

often  called  "White 
|:ause  a  captive   white 
>ng  thvj  Indians, 
imed  from  a  Delaware 

jilled  Mohican  Johns, 
Town  formerly  upon 
Im  an  Indian  of  that 

^e  Hock  Hocking,  a 
Ir.  Howe— bottle  in 
Ip  has  an  alias  to  it 
1  " 

pcioto   was  uniform. 
JScioto  or  Chianotto," 
■me. 
liginnlly  the  river  of 


CATALOGUE  OP  MAPS. 


ilie  MlamlK  (Indian*);)  and  often  cHlled  in  the 
Im>oIi.h  ".Miiimi  du  I.iic"  todUlliiirnivh  It  from 
ijiu  Miami  (lowing  into  tlic  Oliio  The  con- 
traction lo  Maunicc  wai»  very  fonvonien'  to 
>llfitingnish  it. 

The  niiine  ".Sandoimki"  uppoarM  upon  Ho- 
man'd  map,  1707, to  Hut  bay.  The  word  in 
H»id  lo  lie  Wyiind,  and  meanini;  "water" 
or  water  within  water. 


■■pi  !■  PMifiHin  af  the  Weit«ra   BtMrv* 

u4  Narthfrn  OkU   OlitorlMl  8«(l«ty  !■- 

cliillii-  the   Uk«   BeglM   af  .Mtrth 

Aacrica  ta  ISM  lacluhc. 

1400  to  1582— Documentary  lllHlory  of  the 
State  of  Maine,  Vol.  1,  rnntalning  ii  MlHtory 
of  the  Discovery  of  Maine,  by  .J.  (J.  Kohl, 
I'ortland,  1869,  containinK  !11  maps. 

1520.  Mnppcmundi  llieroniinuN  de  Ver 
rezano,  rediKMtd  copies.  Journal  of  the  Am. 
iieoa.  Ho(;.  187a. 

Very  early,  but  no  date  or  place  of  publica- 
tion. 

La  Florida  (in'tluding  the  Mississippi). 
Uieron. 

Nova  Hispania. 

Peruvianae  Auriferae  Regionls  Typus. 

1572— L'Isole  Piu  Famose  del  Mbudo,  by 
Thomao  Porcaccbi  da  Castlglione — Venice. 

1((2«— Cosmographie  of  Peter  Heylln, 
book  4,  part  2— (America)  London. 

1(109— Oeuvre8de('hamplaln,  reprint  Que- 
lu!C,  1870.  Map  of  Lake  Oham|)laln,  includ- 
ing east  end  of  Lake  Ontario. 

1038— Some  w:>rk— fac-similo  in  Vol.  6  of 
Map  of  the  Lakes.  Description  in  French ; 
also  Vol.  8rd  Documentary  History  of  New 
York,  by  Dr.  O'Callaghan.  Description  iu 
English. 

1083 — Tracing  from  Hondlus'  Atla-i,  based 
upon  Mercator;  original  iu  Am.Qeog.  Soc. 

1088— At,  or  before  this  date. 

Insulae  Americanac,  V^Tm.  Blaeu,  Amster- 
dam. 

Virginia  by  the  same.  Amsterdam. 

After  1631.  Several  Sea  Charts  by  John 
Keulen,  Amsterdam. 

Northern  Part  of  North  America. 

Gulf  of  Mexico. 

North  and  South  America. 

Also  an  early  Dutch  chart  of  N.  and  S. 
America,  with  the  sea  currents, — no  date. 

10.'52.  Heylln's  Cosmographie.  Loudon. 
Deposit  by  Mr.  Charles  8c«tt. 

1657—8.  America  noviter  delineata,  by 
Jonn  Janson,  from  bis  "Novus  Atlas,"  Am- 
sterdam. 


I      Three  trariaini  from  the  auas;  origtiMi  in 

I  Am.  Geotf.    H-o*. 

Nova  iliHiii-  fila  et  Nova  Gnliria. 

I  1605 — CoHiniograpblo  HIavianm-,  John 
niaeu,  AniHtenlam.  Tracing  of  general  laaii 
of   North  America;  original  In  Am.  Geoir. 

I  Soc. 

]  1670 — 71.  Jesuit  manx,  with  Itelathm  of 
those  years.  Heprint  of  .JcHult  l{elfttionH,lH70, 
Montreal. Foster*  Whitni'y's  Lake  Superior, 
Part  a.  Hancrofi'H  United  Stiiies.  V()l.  8. 
Moriiette's  Mississippi  Valley,  Vol.  1. 

:il/8.  Manjuelte's  map.  Fac-simile  from 
tl-e  original  in  Montreal,  iu  Shea's  Discovery 
of  the  MiMsissippi. 

1678  "lilome's  Urittanniu,"  map  designed 
by  Sanson,  London. 

1680.  Two  maps  from  the  "English  Atlas" 
London,  TmcingN.  Original  in  Am.  (}eog. 
Soc. 

1681.  Map  published  with  Marquette's 
Journal,  hy  Thevenot.  Copy  in  Bancroft's 
lliNtory  of  the  United  StatesVulumo8,n.  160. 

1688.  Lo,  's  Hennepin,  in  his  "Description 
de  ill  Louisanii"  &c     Paris  1688. 

1696.  Triicliie  from  .\tlas  of  Vanderliest, 
Anisierdaui — oriirinal  in  Am.  Gcog.  Soc. 

161)7.  Louis  Hennepin,  in  his  Dccouvorte 
dans  L'.\meriquo,  llredit;  also  in  "Henne- 
pla's  Discovery  of  Ainortea,"  London  1608. 

"A  map  of  a  Large  Country  Newly  Dis- 
covered in  the  Northern  America." 

170fi.La  Hontan,  Memolrrsde  L'Amerique 
Scptentrionalo,  Vols.  1  and  2. 

1706.  Tracing  from  Iloman's  Atlas,  Nur- 
emberg—original  in  Am.  Oeog.  Soc. 

170"^.  (Prior  to).  North  America,  Gerard 
Valk,  and  Peter  Schenk,  Amsterdam. 

1708.  Tracing  from  Atlas  N.  Visscher, 
Amsterdam. — orig.  in  Am.  Oeog.   Soc. 

1708  America,  Peter  Schenk,  Amsterdam. 
Mexico,  Florida,  and  Mississippi,  same. 

Tracing  from  Atlas  of  same — original  in 
Am.  Geog.  Soc. 

(fo  date,  but  about  (1708),  two  tracings 
from  F.  Dewitt's  Atlas.  Amsterdam.  Origi- 
nal in  Am.  Qeog.  Soc. 

1710.  John  Homan's,  Nuremberg.  Photo- 
graph from  his  atlas. 

1710.  North  America,  John  Senex,  F.R.8., 
London. 

1718.  Journal  of  Last  Voyage  of  La  Salle, 
by  Joutel,  London,  1714. 

1716.  Nouvcaux  Voyages  i&c,  La  Hontan. 
The  Hague. 

1715.  Map  of  Dominions  of  Great  Britain, 
Herman  Moll. 

South  Sea  Company's  Trade,  (no  date). 
North  America  (no  date). 

From  H.  Moil's  Atlas:  4  small  maps  with 
no  dates. 

West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  New  Bpaia. 

Amerlcn. 

Florida,  or  Louisiana. 


,-'... ^^Sf-CJMZ 


34 


CATALOGUE  OF  MAPS. 


Mississippi,  Canada,  and  New 

by 


>  ,'W 


m 


Louisiana, 
France. 

1720.  Parts  of  North  America  claimed 
France.  H.  Moll. 

1721.  General  Atlas  of  the  World,  with 
text.  Tlilcli  folio.  John  8enex,  London. 

1722.  Description  of  the  English  Posses- 
sions, Danl.  Coxc,  London  1727;  St.  ."^/Ouis 
1840. 

1723.  Map  hy  William  de  L'Isle,  Royal 
Geographer  to  t.'enrh  King,  from  Covens' 
and  Mortier's  Atlas.  Amsterdam. 

1722.  "Historic  de  L'Amerique  Septentri- 
onale."  La  Poterie,  Vol.  2.  Paris. 

1726  or  prior.  Louisane  et  Coiirs  du  Missis- 
sippi, without  date.  Wm.  de  L'Isle.  Fac-sim- 
ile  in  Hist.  Coll.  of  Louisiana,  by  B.  F. 
French,  Part  2,  IS^O.  Philadelphia.  " 

1733.  British  North  America,  with  the 
French  and  Spanish  Settlements  Adjacent. 
Henry  Popple,  London,  1  Vol.  folio. 

1744;  Carte  dc  la  Louisime  &c.  by  N.  Bel- 
lin  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France  by  Charle- 
voix Vol.  1. 

Amerique  Septentrionale  by  N.  Bellen 
Vol.  5  of  same  worl? 

1747.  North  America,  Emanuel  Bowen,  in 
"European  Settlements  in  America,"  by  Ed- 
mund Burke. 

1752.  Possessions  Anglaise  e  Francaise,  L 
Bitter,  Amsterdam'. 

1754.  Map  of  the  western  parts  of  the  Col- 
ony of  Virginia  as  J|far  as  tiie  Mississippi, 
with  Washincton's  Journal,  London,  1754. 
Reprint  New  York,  1865. 

1755.  History  of  the  Five  Nations,  Colden 
London. 

1755.  Carte  des  Possessions  Angloises  and 
Francoises  du  ('ontinent  de  L'Amerique 
Septentrionale;  inserted  in  Sener  Atlas  1721. 
Engraved  by  Thomas  Kitchen.  This  and  a 
similar  map  printed  in  Amsterdam,  inserted 
in  Mitchell's  Atlas,  1755,  are  described  in 
"A  Concise  Description  of  the  English  and 
French  Possessions  in«  N.  America  &c.  by 
J.  Palareti  London,  1755. 

1755.  A  general  map  of  the  Middle  British 
Colonies  in  America,  by  Louis  Evans,  ac- 
companied by  an  analysis  of  the  map  by 
Louis  Evans,  Philadelphia,  1755,  1  Vol.4  to. 

1755.  A  map  of  the  British  and  French 
Dominions  in  North  America  &c.,  Iw  Jno 
Mitchell,  D.F.,  with  improvements.  Printed 
for  I  Covens  and  C.  Mortier,  Amsterdam.  1 
Vol.  large  folio. 

1755.  A  map  of  the  British  Colonies  in 
North  America.  Inscribed  to  the  Earl  of 
Halifax  and  the  other  Lords  Commissionerb 
for  Trade  and  Plantations,  by  Jno.  Mitchell. 
Pub.  Feb.  1755,  for  Jeffreys  andFaden,  Lon- 
don. Thomas  Kitchen  engraver. 

1758.  Map  of  Capt.  Pouchot  X.  N.  Y.  Co- 
lonial Documents. 

1701.  Part  of  Nortji  America  in  Journal  of 


a  Voyage  to  North  A  raerica  by  Charlevoix, 
London. 
1763.  Annual  Register,  London. 

1763.  Gentleman's  Magazine.Vol.  33  p.  476. 

1764.  A  map  of  the  country  on  tho  Ohio 
and  Muskingum  R  vers  by  Tlios.  Hutcliins 
Hist.  Account  of  Bouquet's  Expedition 
against  the  Ohio  Indians,  Phil.  1705  Reprint 
Cincinnati  1808.  Also  Parkman's  Conspiracy 
of  Pontiac,  Boston  1868.  Pioneer  History  by 
8.  O.  Hildreth  Clncinnatti  1848. 

1708.  Map  corrected  and  improved  from 
Evans'  by  Guy  Johnson,  VIII  N.Y.  Col.  Doc- 
uments. Annexed  to  Report  to  Board  of 
Trade. 

1771.  map  of  the  country  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions proper, by  Guy  Johnson,  IV  Doc.  Hist, 
of  N.  Y. 

1774.  Complete  History  of  the  Late  War, 
Dublin. 

1775.  History  of  the  American  Indians, 
James  Adair,  London. 

1770.  k  Topographical  Description  of  such 
parts  of  North  America  as  are  contained  in 
the  annexed  map  (Lewis  Evans)  of  the  Mid- 
dle British  Colonies  ui  North  Am£rica,by  T. 
Pownall,     late  Governor  &c.,  London. 

1777.  A  new  map  of  the  whole  continent 
of  America  with  the  European  Possessions 
as  settled  at  the  Treaty  of  Peace  1763;  com- 
piled from  Mr.  Danville's  maps,  and  correct- 
ed in  the  several  parts  belonging  to  Great 
Britain, from  the  original  materials  of  Gov- 
ernor Pownall.  M.  P.,  with  the  text  of  the 
treaty,  London. 

1777.  Atlas  of  Britisk  Colonies  in  North 
America,  by  Wm.  Faden,  London,  very 
large  folio  volume. 

1778.  A  new  map  of  North  America. 
Travels  through  the  interior  parts  of  North 
America  in  the  years  1706,  1767  and  1708,  by 
J.  Carver,  London,  1781. 

1778.  The  North  American  and  West  In- 
dian Gazetteer,  2d  ed.  London. 

1778.  A  Topographical  Description  of  Vir- 
gnia  &c.,  comprehending  the  Rivers  Ohio, 
Kenhawa,  Scioto,  &c. ;  by  Thomas  Hutchins, 
London.  No  map. 

1779.  A  new  and  correct  map  of  North 
America,  divided  according  to  the  last  Treaty 
of  Peace  concluded  at  Paris,  Feb.  10  1763; 
laid  down  accordiug  to  the  latest  surveys  and 
corrected  from  the  original  materials  of  Gov- 
ernor Pownall. 

1780.  Impartial  History  of  the  War  in 
A.merica,  by  J.  Carver,  London  1771.  Re- 
print New  York,  1838. 

1786.  North  America  with  the  West  In- 
dies, by  Saml.  Dunn,  Londou. 

New  map  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America  &o.  by  Saml.  Dunn,  improved  from 
the  surveys  of  Captain  Carver,  London. 

1788.  History  of  Independence  of  United 
States,  Wm  Gordon,  D.  D., London. 


I  America  by  Charlevoix, 

gister,  London. 
'a  Magazine,Vol.  33  p.  476. 
the  country  on  tho  Ohio 
I  vers  by  Tlios.  Hutcliins 
)f  Bouquet's  Expedition 
iidians,  Phil.  1705  Reprint 
Iso  Parkman's  Conspiracy 
I  1868.  Pioneer  History  by 
cinnatti  1848. 
icted  and  improved  from 
mson.VIlI  N.Y.  Col.  Doc- 
1  to  Report  to  Board  of 

e  country  of  the  Six  Na- 
ly  Johnson,  IV  Doc.  Hist. 

History  of  the  Late  War, 

f  the  American  Indians, 
Ion. 

iphical  Description  of  such 
nerica  as  are  contained  in 
Lewis  Evans)  of  the  Mid- 
'.^  in  North  Am£rica,by  T. 
vernor  &c.,  London. 
p  of  the  whole  continent 
the  European  Possessions 
reaty  of  Peace  1763;  com- 
nville's  maps,  and  correct- 
parts  belonging  to  Great 
)riginai  materials  of  Qov- 
P.,  with  the  text  of  the 

Jritish  Colonies  in  North 
a.   Faden,   London,    very 

map  of  North  America. 
[le  interior  parts  of  North 
irs  1766,  1767  and  1768,  by 
,  1781. 

1  American  and  West  In- 
ed.  London. 

iphical  Description  of  Vir- 
iljcnding  the  Rivers  Ohio, 
&c. ;  by  Thomas  Hutchins, 

ind  correct  map  of  North 
iccording  to  the  last  Treaty 
>d  at  Paris,  Feb.  10  1763; 
ig  to  the  latest  surveys  and 
(  original  materials  of  Gov- 

History  of  the  War  in 
irver,  London  1771.  Re- 
1838. 

nerica  with  the  West  In- 
nn,  London. 

le  United  States  of  North 
iml.  Dunn,  improved  from 
ptain  Carver,  London, 
f  Independence  of  United 
}n,  D.  D., London. 


CATALOGUE  OF  MAPS. 


26 


1789.  Travels  tbrotlirh  fte  Interior  Part  of 
America,  by  an  OfBcer.  London. 

1790.  Manuscript  man  of  the  Battles  fought 
nround  the  Forks  of  the  Maumee  River  (now 
Fort  Wayne  Indiana)  Oct.  1790,    by  Capt 
Jonathan  Heart,  1st.  Regt.  U.  S.  Infantry. 

1798.  Topographical  Description  by  Geo. 
Imlav,  London. 

1793.  The  American  Universal  Geography 
by  Jcdidiah Morse,  A.  M., Boston. 

1794.  The  Amtrican  Atlas,  or  a  Geograph- 
ical Description  of  the  whole  Continent  of 
America,  by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Jeffreys, 
Geographer  to  the  King,  and  others.  Lon- 
don. 

1794.  History  of  the  Missions  of  the  United 
Brethren  among  the  Indians  in  North  Amer- 
ica, by  Loskiel,  London. 

1795.  The  United  States  Gazeteer,  by  Jo- 
seph Scott,  Phil. 

1796.  Manuscript  map  of  the  Coanecticut 
Western  Reserve,  made  by  Rev.  John  Heck- 
cwelder,  Jan.  13. 

1796.  A  new  Universal  Atlas,  a  complete 
collection  of  the  most  approved  maps  ex- 
tant, corrected  and  augmented  from  the  last 
edition  of  Danville  and  Robert,  by  Major 
James  Rennel  and  other  eminent  Geosra- 
phers;  engraved  by  Thos.  Kitchen,  Senr  and 
others.  Thick  folio.  London. 

1797.  Manuscript  map  of  Western  Reserve, 
showing  variation  of  compass,  by  Seth  Pease. 
Manuscript  taup  of  Western  Reserve  that 
part  east  of  the  Cuyahoga  being  laid  down 
from  actual  survey,  by  Seth  Pease. 

The  same  engraved.  New  Haven  Ct. 

1798.  American  Gazetteer,  by  Jedidiah 
Morse,  D.  D.,  1797,  Boston.  1798  London. 

1800.  Atlas,  published  by  J.  Stookdale, 
London. 

1804.  Map  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  by  Rufus 
Putnam,  Surveyor  General  of  the  United 
States  in  Journal  of  a  Tour  into  the  Terri- 
tory N.  W.  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  by 
T.  M.  Harris,  Boston,  1805. 

1806.  A  manuscript  map  of  the  Ct.  Land 
Company's  Land  west  of  the  Cuyahoga,  no 
date,  but  supposed  1806. 


1808.  Map  of  the  Ssate  of  Ohio  taken 
from  the  returns  in  the  office  of  the  Treasu- 
rer General  by  John  F.  Mansfield,  Oct.  7. 
Philadelphia. 

This  is  presumed  to  be  ihe  first  engraved 
mao  of  Ohio  after  its  oriraiiiziUioa  asa  State. 

1808.  Anenurravtd  map  of  the  Western  Re- 
serve, by  Seth  Pease  and  Abraham  Tappan. 

LATE  MAPS  DESIGNED  TO  8UOW  BABLT  GEOO- 
RAPHY. 

Aboriginal  America  East  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, Vol.  3,  Bancroft's  History  of  United 
States  p.  240.  Boston,  1846. 

1655.  Location  of  Indian  Tribes  around 
Lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  and  Georgian  Bay.  Jes- 
uits in  North  America,  Francis  Parkman. 
Boston,  1867k 

1655.  Map  of  the  French,  English,  Dutch, 
Swedish,  ahd  Spanish  Possessions  or  claims, 
Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States  Vol. 
2  p.  290,  Bos -.on  1855. 

1745.  Map  of  the  French,  English,  and 
Spanish  Possessions  in  North  America.  Hist, 
of  Discovery  &c.,  of  Mississippi,  by  John 
W.  Monette  M.  D.,New  York,  1846. 

1703.  Forts  and  Settlements  in  America. 
Conspiracy  of  Poniiac,  by  Francis  Parkman. 
Boston,  18J8. 

1750  to  1780.  Historical  Map  of  the  State 
of  Ohio,  showing  the  location  of  Ancient 
Earth  works,  and  the  country  occupied  by 
the  principal  Indian  Tribes  between  1750 
and  1780,  with  their  principal  trails  and  war 
paths,  by  Col.  Charles  Whittlesey,  Cleve- 
land, 1872;  published  In  Walling  and  Gray's 
New  Topographical  Atlas  of  Ohio,Philadel- 
phia,  1873,  and  reprinted  and  published  with 
a  Topograpical  and  Historical  Sketcn,  also 
by  Col.  Whittlesey,  by  O.  W.  Gray  Phila- 
delphia, 1873. 

Historical  and  Chronological  Map  of  the 
Territory  of  the  United  States,  Northwest  of 
the  River  Ohio,  by  John  B.  DiHon,  and  in 
his  History  of  Indiana.  Indianopolis,  1859. 


2 


